The Rise Of America s Power - 1540 Words

From 1877 to the current year of 2015, America has transformed from a country ravaged by internal conflict into a global superpower. Many key moments in history come into play to highlight the rise of America’s power. The Industrial Revolution began the steady rise of America. Through major substantial events, such as: the Spanish-American War, World War I, the Cold War, and the introduction of a New World Order, America made a remarkable surge towards becoming the global superpower that it is today. In the middle of the 19th century, industrialization had spread to the United States. Industrialization led to the growth of large cities and to a boom in agricultural growth as well. Many significant innovations came out of the†¦show more content†¦America was slowly making its rise from a second tier power to a first tier power by the time of the Spanish-American War in 1898. The war began when Cuba was attempting to gain freedom from the rule of Spain and America was called on to intervene. When the USS Maine, a United States battleship that was sent into the Cuban harbour of Havana to protect American citizens and property after a riot had occurred, had been sunk America’s public heavily demanded the United States government to get involved officially. After Spain made efforts towards a truce along with speeding up the the process to grant Cuba confined independence, America stepped in announced Cuba’s right to freedom from Spain and requested for Spain to remove its armed forces from Cuban territory. In response, Spain issued a war against the United States in April of 1898. Because Spain had not fully prepared its army or navy for obscure battle with the powerful U.S. armed forces, America easily gained victory in leisurely-fought battles against Spain. In July of 1898 the war was being drawn to a close; America’s military sunk and burned all of the Spanish battleships in the harbor of Santiago, thus forcing Spanish forces to surrender. Following the war, the Treaty of Paris was signed in December of 1898, allowing for Spain to reclaim Cuba, but granting ownership

What Is Grounded Theory ( Glaser And Strauss ) - 1661 Words

1. Method We use a single case study methodology to focus on a failed IS project implementation. The study uses grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss 1967; c.f., Charmaz 2013; c.f., Corbin and Strauss 2015) in its focus on principles of emergence by which systematic generation and conceptualization of data provides meaning and relevance to concepts (Glaser and Strauss 1967). In accordance with the recommendations of engaged scholarship by Van de Ven (2007), the project began with the identification of a research problem identified to be relevant to experienced practitioners in leading organizations of IT project management. To develop a base understanding of the challenges experienced in the execution of IT projects, we engaged informally with key industry informants. Observations made in this stage were used to inform the specific research objectives and question put-forth in the Introduction. Specifically, observations were used as data that was conceptualized based on theoretical sensiti vity in line with grounded theory (Glaser 1978; Strauss and Corbin 1990). Data complexity was used in the early stages of the research to allow the relevant themes and findings to emerge from the data and to avoid forcing the data to fit existing theories (Urquhart 2013). The conceptual development aspect of grounded theory allows us to discover theory from the data and identify the theories and tenets within that are applicable to IT contexts of interest (Jabareen 2009; Birks etShow MoreRelatedStimulated Recall Interview : A Research Method Essay1418 Words   |  6 Pagesconcurrent thinking during teaching when prompted by such means as an audio sequence and/or a transcript. 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This is a point of argument between the two originators of the theory Glaser and StraussRead MoreOpen Coding, Axial Coding And Selective Coding1971 Words   |  8 Pagescoding Glaser made reference to open coding and selective coding, while Strauss and Corbin in their re-formulation of grounded theory added ‘axiel coding’ (Dey, 1999). Open coding involves coding the data in every way possible, generating as many categories that might fit, open coding is the primary, or initial coding, while selective coding is a second level coding, selective coding involves delimiting coding to properties that closely relate to the core of the emerging theory (Glaser, 1978 pp56-61)Read MoreData Analysis Method974 Words   |  4 Pageswork is conducted between ITB and Royal Danish Library we have adopted grounded theory method as a main data analysis practice to work with. This decision involved summarizing cons and pros of using this approach. According to Glaser, Barney G Strauss (1967), using grounded theory involves development of theory rather by logical deduction then from experimental data itself. The publication of The Discovery of Grounded theory finds it relevant in practical applications and enable prediction and explanationRead MoreComplementary and Alternative Medicine in New Zealand1024 Words   |  4 Pagesto use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in New Zealand? †Complementary and alternative medicine is a broad domain of healing resources and techniques that encompass all health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the politically dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. CAM includes all such practices and ideas self-defined by their users as preventing or treating illnessRead MoreApplication Of Constructivist Grounded Theory969 Words   |  4 PagesFollowing the underpinning philosophical perspectives mentioned earlier, the researcher decided to choose qualitative research method, as theories are developed by people involving their routines daily (Flick, 2009). This is very much related to the view of social constructionism view for the research. In order to ensure the research to become rigorous and to achieve the comprehensible objective, qualitative method will be a practical way of conducting research (Tracy, 2 010). Studying entrepreneurshipRead MoreA Theoretical Understanding Of The Conduct Of Research1501 Words   |  7 PagesMethodology Since the purpose of this study was to develop a theoretical understanding of the conduct of research by clinical nurses, a grounded theory approach was used. Sampling Procedures Grounded theory requires purposeful and theoretical sampling (Straus Corbin, 1990). Thus, the potential sample for this study consisted of registered nurses who work in a hospital or ambulatory setting, had daily direct patient contact, and had participated as principal investigator (PI) on at least one completedRead MoreThe Importance Of An Alliance With Children1298 Words   |  6 Pagesmaintain young people in the therapy. The trend identified in the introduction emphasized the importance of an alliance in work with children, as well as a lack of research to define and guide the practice of developing an alliance with children. 2. What was/were the major research question(s) of interest to the researchers? The researchers did not frame their study around specific questions, as their purpose was entirely exploratory. The driving purpose of this research article was to explore participants’Read MoreGrounded Theory And The Constructivist Theory3377 Words   |  14 PagesResearch Design This research will be conducted using grounded theory methods and is intended to be anchored in the constructivist epistemology. Grounded theory, an inductive qualitative research method, was chosen for this study because, while many ideas may exist concerning how poor, working class clients’ experiences of counseling may affect their perspectives of and style of participation in individual counseling, specific factors have not been identified from existing research. Hence it seemsRead MoreWomen in Law Enforcement3461 Words   |  14 Pagescareer advancement and organizational culture in law enforcement in Florida. Although the findings were not reported to be statistically significant, the research suggests that women perceive more barriers to career advancement, particularly due to what they report as a lack of culture fit. When racial groups were compared, African Americans perceived greater barriers to achieving positions of leadership in law enforcement than did Caucas ians. As Bush (2005) hypothesized, African American women reported

Wembley vs Emirates Football Stadiums Free Essays

Construction of Wembley stadium was supposed to be completed by May 2006, but completed in March 2007. There were several controversial between client, contractor, sub contractor, designer etc. and some cases end up in the court. We will write a custom essay sample on Wembley vs Emirates Football Stadiums or any similar topic only for you Order Now The causes for these controversial were identified mainly due to adversarial contracts, unreasonable risk allocation, cash-flow problems, design changes, poor performance, poor site management and litigations. Several reasons were adduced for the successful delivery of the Emirates football stadium but the most overarching and notable of the reasons was the effective and selective supply chain created by the main contractor (Exceptional Performer, 2007). In both case studies one can clearly see good and bad practices demonstrated. While both cased had the same procurement routes, with only slight modifications to allow client to have greater input in design, they both had different outcomes. In all respects the Emirates Stadium is surely the winner as the most successfully executed project of the two. In both cases there were many challenges as well but it is how they were met with that determined their fate. The Wembley Stadium case was clearly a disaster in planning, financing and execution. This may be attributed to the lack of knowledge and experience on the part of the contractor, Mutliplex about the UK construction industry, which is why they possibly formed a consortium with Bovis in the beginning. Due to lack of a firm establishment in the UK industry, Multiplex was faced with much distrust from locally well established firms. The fact that so many disputes arose in terms of payments and court proceedings did not help much either. The Emirates Stadium on the other hand was a perfect example of best practice. They incorporated sustainability, collaborative working, and effective and selective supply chain management. The supply chain was a crucial ingredient that Sir Robert McAlpine had established through experience in the UK industry while working with various subcontractors and forming strong ties with them. This strong ties and trust between contractor and subcontractors was lacking in the Wembley case. However, contractors alone are not to bare the blame the construction clients have a role in the success of a project as well. In the Wembley case the construction client mismanaged money by expending too much in investigations and reviews. They also pointlessly hired management consultants and did not heed their advice. Therefore, the client’s attitude towards contractor selection is imperative and can lead to project failure if not done properly. This was the case in the Wembley Stadium where the Australian contractor was rushed into agreement. In the end collaborative working and an effective supply chain coupled with a proper decision making client are vital ingredients for a project to be executed effectively and efficiently. From the literature review found that, projects suited to GMP had the following characteristics; †¢ Cost certainty was a primary objective †¢ Time was a primary objective †¢ The scope was fully defined †¢ The project was simple †¢ It was a development project †¢ The parties had previous experience in GMP contracts †¢ There was a good team based relationship between the parties †¢ The personalities were appropriate (fair, reasonable and empathetic) How to cite Wembley vs Emirates Football Stadiums, Essay examples

Parapsychology Essay Example For Students

Parapsychology Essay If I had my life to live over again, I should devote myself to psychical research rather than to psychoanalysis, wrote Sigmund Freud to associate Hereward Carrington. Freud had this late-in-life wish, but alas time would not grant its fulfilment. Such testimony by the eminent father of psychoanalysis bears witness to the fact that psychical experiences are indeed central to our lives. Parapsychology is the branch of psychology concerned with study of extrasensory perception and psychical experiences. Whereas psychology and psychoanalysis deal with the corporeal man parapsychology deals with the spiritual man. This spiritual branch of psychology was known to the Greek philosopher Aristotle as the science of metaphysics. We are told by him that, the spirituous body either undergoes a certain breakdown or, by being out of symmetry, troubles and hampers understanding mental derangement and dulling of the understanding of man is due to changes in the spirit. That academic psychology woul d backtrack to seriously consider the hypothesis of the spirit-body and the metaphysical nature of man in the 20th century seems absurd. The thrust of parapsychology, however, appears inexorably driven in the direction where contemporary science, philosophy and religion blend into a single universal understanding, enabling man to know himself in the fullest context. Todays rebirth of this science is Parapsychology. Although study of the field of Parapsychology is relatively new, its principles had their birth in ages long since turned to dust and decay. Today we all have a chance to learn about the field of Parapsychology and understand and appreciate its significance in our lives. A Complete Course in Parapsychology offers the basic theories, principles and histories of phenomena involving: Telepathy, Clairvoyance, Hypnosis and Sensory Awareness, Psychometry (Psychoscopy), Psychokinesis, Dermo-Optics, Radiesthesia, Spiritual Healing, Aura and Mediumship. Also covered in the study a re actual case histories, laboratory experiments, practical home applications and comprehensive conclusions to cover all such phenomena. As you continue in your studies, you will observe that all parapsychological phenomena have a fundamental relationship to each other, and that there is one important foundation to the whole structure of Parapsychology. Parapsychologists, metaphysicians and philosophers believe that all life and living matter, as well as everything we see and know, is composed of electromagnetic energy frozen into what we consider to be solid matter and that space is a continuous source of energy, consciousness and intelligence. Infinite frequencies of electromagnetic energy interact with every human being and physical entity. All living matter absorbs this life force of energy and intelligence and radiates it back into space where it cannot be exhausted. Physicists have discovered that energy as matter and energy as radiation is interchangeable. Everything radiates energy. We radiate our own electromagnetic force field into the universal field of radiating energy that is all about us. Sensitivity to, and detection of, these force fields constitute extra sensory perception and psychokinetic effects. Clairvoyance, Hypnosis, Psychometry, Dermo Optics, Radiesthesia and Mediumship act as decoders and pick up energies from surrounding (and in some cases) distant radiations. The phenomena of Psychokinesis, Aura and Spiritual Healing act as encoders and send out radiating energies. The phenomenon of Telepathy serves as a dual energization of both detecting and sending such radiations. The scope of our perception and psychic power force depends on what we perceive and what we send to others through space in the form of physical and metaphysical energies. Advanced study reveals that perception beyond the normal sensory field of man is the source of ESP and PK ability. Doubtless this form of perception can also be credited with the numberless mystical a nd extrasensory experiences, as well as mans creative and scientific accomplishments. The time has come to accept the existence of metaphysical phenomena as a significant reality for man. Carl Jung was convinced of the existence of metaphysical phenomena. In his writings there are many references to the soul or the non-corporeal man. It is startling to realize that these force fields have been photographed. Thus, attesting to the fact that man has a corporeal and a non-corporeal being. That is to say, man has one body that we can see and one that we cannot see. It is this unseen body that is the basic concern of those who devote their lives to the study of parapsychology. The lack of understanding exists because mans greatest shortcoming is his fear of anything that he cannot or will not fully comprehend. Many psychic experiences, common to all of us, go unrecognized, drowned out by the noises of civilization and mass indifference. And yet, the benefits of such knowledge are limitle ss. The whole purpose of study into the generally unknown concepts of paranormal sciences is to increase our own understanding and awareness of abilities we may think we do not possess. Space is filled with electromagnetic waves from the lower frequency audio waves to the higher frequency light waves and cosmic waves, and the mind is aware of only a limited range of these vibrations. All around us there are many sounds and sights as well as other physical impressions that we, as humans, are unable to perceive because of the built-in limitations of mans corporeal structure. In many instances, what would be considered extra-sensory perception for man, is attainable and within the normal range of perception for other species of life. We know that light on the visible band extends indefinitely beyond both violet and red edges of the spectrum, but human eyes cannot see beyond this perceptual range. However, there are some animals that can detect beyond such limits. The eyes of an owl, fo r example, are sensitive to infrared rays emanating from warm-blooded bodies of animals. Dolphins have been known to be able to detect rocks, fish or ships at great distances, and even to communicate with other dolphins by a series of high frequency auditory signals. These signals are within mans radar, but well beyond mans auditory range. We must not allow these known restrictions to discourage us. Paranormal perception is possible for all. We can develop the ability to: See beyond our vision, hear beyond the normal auditory range; send and receive mind to mind communications; perceive past and future events; offer healing through our own energy radiations and even surround ourselves as a psychic instrument in the form of a medium. The base of our normal intelligence is the brain but the foundation of supernatural powers is the mind. .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 , .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 .postImageUrl , .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 , .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047:hover , .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047:visited , .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047:active { border:0!important; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047:active , .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047 .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u00acf8ba62a696777d2df7cb75a8d047:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Believe, Inspire and Follow Your Dreams Essay Our understanding of the invisible spectral world which finds physical expression in our realm, will expand as science begins to understand the source of the mysterious life energy and force which permeates every living cell. This source exists regardless of distance and has a common bond in its relationship to all living things human, animal and vegetable, alike. We all draw from etheric energy and are surrounded by auric energy, which is surplus to the requirements of the constituents. The auric radiations from every living being interlap with the surrounding energy radiating from everything all matter mobile and stationary, living and non living. From this point, our understanding must include the relationship between these energies and mans relationship to the divine presence, which is the source of our psychic life. That this relationship exists is evidenced by the fact that it is deliberately or unintentionally ignored. Perhaps it is best summed up in the words of Carl Jung, when he stated, We can no longer practice any psychology that ignores the existence of parapsychology It is really time that academic psychology became converted to reality and sought to know something about the real human soul and not merely about laboratory experiments.It is now time that the field of Parapsychology summon greater understanding between laboratory and home, for the purpose of correlating what is fact and what may not be fantasy. Only through authorative instruction and p ublic acceptance will understanding increase.

Frank Sinatra Essays - Frank Sinatra, Duets, Sinatra, Witchcraft

Frank Sinatra The Life and Times of Frank Sinatra By Esme Hawes Chelsea House Publishers Philadelphia 1998 Francis Albert Sinatra was born on December 12, 1915, in Hoboken, New Jersey. He later became known as Frank Sinatra and one of the greatest entertainers of his time. American singers, Bing Crosby and Billie Holiday, influenced Frank. Sinatra then developed a vocal phrasing in his music that influenced generations of popular vocalists. Sinatra anticipated the decline of big-band instrumental jazz music, and helped establish an enthusiastic climate for popular singers. One of the songs Frank Sinatra is most known for singing is the hit My Way, which my grandfathers favorite song. When I hear the song it reminds me of him and sometimes brings a tear to my eye. Frank Sinatras career began after he signed his first performing contract, when he was 24. He got his start singing with Tommy Dorseys band in the 1930s. He then scored his first number one song a little more than a year later, Ill Never Smile Again. Sinatras worked as a radio singer during World War II making only $15 a week, but it did gain him a lot of popularity. While working there, he wed Nancy Barbato on February 4, 1939. He soon left Dorseys band for a solo career that lead him to several hits and great success in the 50s and 60s. Young At Heart, All the Way, Witchcraft, Strangers in the Night, and thats Life were some of his hit songs. In the 1940s Sinatra started on a career by himself and became the idol of the bobby-soxers. Which were teenage girls who yelled out, Ohh Frankie!! and passed out because of his soft-voiced singing. During this time he also did some film musicals such as, Anchors Aweigh in 1945, Till the Clouds Roll By in 1947, and On the Town in 1949. In the 50's, Sinatra was also one of the first to approach albums as full works or art, instead of collections of singles. His songs still remain to have the distinctive style when he performed them. Also during the 50s, his movie career also took off. In 1953 he won an Academy Award for his performance in From Here to Eternity, and he didnt even sing. He also won an Oscar award for Best Supporting Actor for the 1953 movie From Here to Eternity. He also appeared in classic films such as, Guys and Dolls, High Society, Manchurian Candidate and Ocean's 11, which put him with the other members of the Rat Pack, which included Sammy Davis Jr., Dean Martin, Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford. In the 60s, Sinatra recorded with the big bands of American jazz musicians Count Basie and Duke Ellington. Frank Sinatra was a soulful crooner that established himself as he branched out into films. After leaving Capitol Records in 1961, Sinatra became one of the first to wear the artist-mogul hat when he founded Reprise Records. Sinatra enjoyed his most recent chart success in 1993 with the album Frank Sinatra Duets, which debuted on the album charts at number two and featured performances by Aretha Franklin, Luther Vandross and Bono. Other contributors to the album included Barbara Streisand, and Julio Iglesias. The album sequel Duets II 1994 won Sinatra his ninth Grammy Award in 1996. Duets II included collaborations with country-and-western star Willie Nelson, jazz singer Lena Horne, and popular singer and songwriter Neil Diamond. Frank Sinatra, the legendary leader of the Rat Pack and arguably the greatest entertainer of this century, died of a heart attack Thursday night, May 14, 1998, in Los Angeles at the age of 82. Sinatra spent almost 50 great years in show business, which he evolved from pop music's first teen idol to a respected vocal stylist to an Academy Award-winning actor. Despite his many accomplishments, Sinatra may be best remembered not for what he did, but for how he did it. Francis Albert Sinatra is a great man, and will be remembered for many years to come. Bibliography The life and times of Frank Sinatra Esme Hawes Chelsea House Publishers Phila. PA 1998 Book Reports

Heat and Temperature Essay Example

Heat and Temperature Essay Example Heat and Temperature Essay Heat and Temperature Essay Heat and Temperature Heat is often described by the average individual as being the change in temperature from hot to cold. â€Å"Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be the same, but they are not. † Heat and Temperature, para. 2) Perhaps the reasoning behind the incorrect reasoning is that humans associate the two together because when heat is applied to an object the temperature rises. The kinetic theory of matter better explains the underlying cause as to what takes place when heat is being examined. To examine the heat capacity of a substance various properties exist, along with different forms of heat. When thought about, everyone has been exposed to heat in some type of way but never even question what has to happen in order to encounter that sensation. The textbook states that â€Å"the term heat is used to describe the â€Å"something† that moves between objects when two objects of different temperatures are brought together. ’ ( Tillery , Bill W. , Enger, Eldon D. , Ross, Fredrick C. p. 82) Temperature on the other hand, can be defined as the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. The two are related due to the fact that heat is energy and temperature is basically a number used to determine the energy given by the molecules within a substance, which directly relates to the kinetic energy. The kinetic theory of matter and heat coincide with each other because the theory states that all materials are made up of either particles, molecules or atoms that are constantly moving. As to which when heat is displayed it is said that thermal energy is being transferred from a higher temperature to a lower one, meaning that particles have basically started to speed up. The idea of heat and temperature may seem very complex, but only because it happens so fast that most individuals do not even have a clue as to what is causing the reaction that they get when they raise the temperature in order to get heat. There are many differences between heat and temperature, though they are related to one another, the concept is totally different. Heat is the movement of energy within a molecule, where as temperature is the measure of the average movement within a molecule. The energy of heat depends upon the speed, type, and number of particles and temperature does not. For instance, you can have a large cup of hot chocolate and small cup of hot chocolate, the temperature of both may be the same but since one contains more than the other the one that contains the most will have more heat and thus more thermal energy. If heat is added then the temperature will rise, if the heat is taken away then the temperature will fall. Also if two objects have different temperatures and they are placed in contact with each other a transfer of energy takes place until they both end up with the same temperature. So the way that they differ is the mere fact that temperature is not energy but a measure of it. Energy is heat. † (Heat versus temperature, 2011, para. 5) Heat capacity is the measure of an objects ability to hold heat. The various properties of a substance that determine its heat capacity is temperature change, mass and substance. Temperature change relates to heat capacity because it deals with the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature. The other aspect that deals with heat capacity is the amount of mass in an object, which is the amount of matter that there is in an object. The bigger the mass of an object is the more heat it would need to lose or gather for the temperature to change. The substance also determines the heat capacity because it’s basically addressing what the object is made out of, and not all things need the same amount of loss or gain of heat to change temperatures. Although these are only properties, there are still various sources of heat. They include conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction is the transfer of solids from the collision of molecules. Convection deals with only liquids and gases moving them from one position to another. Radiation in turn, is the energy that moves through space. Radiant energy unlike conduction and convection does not rely on a heat object or source. To conclude, it is safe to say that heat involves a lot more than what appears to the human eye. Heat and temperature do have a relationship but they are two different aspects of the same matter. The kinetic theory is able to sum up a lot of the misconception that has been learned concerning the two but the things that are not covered can be determined by the roperties and the sources. Overall, heat and temperature are a very interesting topic and although used frequently in day to day life many never take the time to understand it. References http://zonalandeducation. com/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/heatAndTemperature/heatAndTemperature. html Tillery, Bill W. , Enger, Eldon, D. , Ross, Frederick C. 2009. Integrated Science, Fourth Edition http://coo lcosmos. ipac. caltech. edu/cosmic_classroom/light_lessons/thermal/differ. html

Subway (sandwiches) going to Norway Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Subway (sandwiches) going to Norway - Essay Example The kingdom of Norway is the second least densely populated country of Europe. It is a population of approximately 5 million people but it holds top global rankings in various industries. Norway is the fifth largest oil exporter, third largest natural gas exporter and second largest exporter of seafood. (Norway considers avenging Chinese bullying, 2012) Let us conduct SWOT analysis of Norway as the potential target market for expansion. Norway is blessed with stable labor force, technological development along with natural resources which provide suitable environment for businesses. However, entrepreneurs find some difficult to target the niche audience. There is emphasis on small enterprises. The high per capita income is considered as bonus point for businesses. There is a big export potential and there are several opportunities to exploit them. However, there are few strict regulations which go against the businessmen and it serves as threat for businesses. (Norway considers avenging Chinese bullying, 2012) Now, let us consider the expansion of Subway chain in Norway. Subway is one of the fastest growing restaurants in the world which has more than 36000 franchises in 100 countries of the world. Norway can be the potential market for Subway. The largest export client of Norway is United States of America and it has got comparative advantage over it. The largest export item of Norway is fossil fuels products for U.S.A and it also exports petroleum products, telecommunication equipment, natural gas, military equipment, steel manufacturing materials and much more. Subway will extend its business to Norway in next year. It will conduct market research to understand the competition and nature of investments required to achieve its objectives. Then hire the best people or sign franchising agreements with locals to achieve maximum economies of scale and ease of doing business. Most of the

Discussions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Discussions - Essay Example The Roman Empire was extensive, but eventually in the 3th century ethnic and cultural forces divided the empire with the blessing of the imperial government into two political entities (Bentley, Ziegler, and Streets 67-78). According to Heather and Streets (2003), the Byzantine Empire owns is birth and transformation to Justinian. The empire in his time became different from the Roman political system and was replaced with new bureaucracy having power in royal palace over the ancient senatorial system. In the 7th century, the Greek language became official language of the state (Bradie and Michael 43-44). The Greeks continued to use a title of the Roman Empire for long time, nonetheless. But with the emergence of the Charlemagne who became the emperor of the large Frankish empire, the Greek descendant stopped to be seen as the continuation of the Roman Empire. The â€Å"byzantine term is rather new; nonetheless, since the 800 onward, the non-Greek world following Rome and Pope considered that restoration of the imperial title to the Frankish kings used own term on Greek state†. For example the 9th century writers and historians from Central and Western Europe refer to various monarchs of the Con stantinople as the emperor of the Greek (Sanders, Nelson, Morillo and Ellenberger 33-55). The empires loss of territory was offset to a degree by consolidation and an increased uniformity of rule. The emperor Heraclius fully Hellenized the empire by making Greek the official language, thus ending the last remnants of Latin and ancient Roman tradition within the Empire, Heather and Streets (2003). Islam means submission to Allah (God). Islam was revealed to the â€Å"Prophet Muhammad who lived from 570 CE to 632 CE in Mecca in modern-day Saudi Arabia. Muhammad was called to prophet-hood when God dictated the Quran to him through the archangel Gabriel† (p. 132). Two years later, in front of the Kaba in Mecca, he declared Islam the religion of the

To question to what extent did the dissolution of Parliament in 1629 Essay

To question to what extent did the dissolution of Parliament in 1629 sow the seeds for the English Civil War - Essay Example Moreover, England proceeded towards democracy and adopted it as its government’s policy. The process of democratisation naturally conflicted with the King and his power over the nation. Furthermore, the adoption of democracy and freedom rendered Parliament more powerful, and this in turn challenged the royal rule. These are the most frequently stated reasons for the outbreak of the Civil War (Civil War, English, 2008). Nevertheless, the revisionist historians contended that the Civil War transpired due to the events of November 1641. By that time, Charles had prepared to fulfil the aspirations of his subjects and he had revoked the ship money taxes in 1640. He had also promised to reinstate Parliament in 1641. Moreover, Charles agreed to abstain from levying further taxes without the approval of Parliament, and to dissolve the Star Chamber. At that juncture, William Laud was incarcerated in December 1640 and Charles’s close deputy Strafford was executed on the 12th of May 1641. Meanwhile in October 1641, the Catholic Great Rebellion took place in Ireland. It challenged the supremacy of the King and opposed royal rule in Ireland. In order to suppress that movement, the King required an army and other resources. However, the leaders in Parliament refused to ratify his request, as they feared that the King would use these resources against Parliament. This was tantamount to a direct and abrupt attack on Royal power, and in retaliation, Charles imprisoned five MP’s, who were the prime instigators in the Parliament behind that strategy against the Crown (Civil War, English, 2008). Charles was the second surviving son of King James and the duchess of Denmark, Anne. He impressed many people and was bestowed with good manners, patience, good temperament, and courteous behaviour. These qualities made him much closer to those who met him. Although, his deeds

Application of Wave Technology in Military Aspect

Application of Wave Technology in Military Aspect â€Å"Hide and Seek† in the World of Wave Student name: Choi Ho Lam Thank you for giving this valuable chance for me to investigate on this topic. As this topic involves military technology, it gives a deeper understanding of wave principle and usage in daily life. However, in normal settings, such kind of topic is not included, as it can be quite controversial. Fortunately, in this CCST course, I am allowed to choose this topic and enrich my engineering knowledge to a deeper extend. National geographic After watching the show â€Å"Hilter’s Stealth Fighter†, it gives me a clearer direction on starting the research on this topic. It enriches my knowledge on the use of RAM in relation with RF wave properties. Teaching assistants of the course The teaching assistants in the course are helpful. Their opinions help me to narrow my direction in investigating to specific topics like radar and specific technology related to radar. Without their help, I would still wonder in the wild world of military and aimlessly searching for a suitable topic. 2. Introduction Radar detection and stealth technology are like a game of â€Å"hide and seek† with the application of wave technology. They share the opposite aims, either finding one or avoid from being found. In the world of military, this is a game that changes the fate of the world and losing is not an option. During the World War II, the deployment of radar in British had changed the tide of battle in the English Channel. Fighting against 2550 German fighters and bombers, the Royal Air Force (RAF) was able to attack strategically and stopped German invasion with just 1963 planes. After this battle, British served as the last stand among European nations against Nazi Germany. With such important history, the military value for radar as well as its counterpart, stealth technology were deeply investigated. Nazi Germany had suffered from a direct defeat from this battle. Since then, Nazi Germany carried out various researches on stealth aircrafts. Just one month near the end of WWII, the first prototype stealth bomber, Horten Ho 229 was developed. Recent research from National Geographic show that such plane decreases the detection range of British radar by 37%, which is already enough for wiping out the entire RAF. It was so fortunate that the plane wasn’t in mass production or the course of history would have been change completely. This paper aims at studying the application of wave technology in the use of radar, as well as the principles in some of the counter radar measures. Since it is a CCST coursework, some of the complicated mathematical procedures and modern method of radar jamming would be omitted. Nevertheless, by studying such technology, we can establish a better understanding of different wave phenomena and know how they change our life. 3. Content 3.1 Radar Radar stands for Radio Detecting and Ranging. In general, radar detects a far object by sending a pulse of EM wave and measures the time and frequency for the reflected pulse. By analyzing these factors, the speed and the distance of the far object can be found. In a macroscopic view, radar consists of 3 basic parts, a transmitter, a duplexer and a receiver. The transmitter emits a short-duration high-power radio frequency (RF) pulse. The pulse will travel through the transmitter antenna and emit outwards. The antenna can give appreciate space for efficient distribution of RF pulse. When the RF pulse hit an obstacle, the RF pulse is reflected back to the receiver. The receiver antenna will receive the signal and analysis the time of travel as well as the frequency of reflected pulse. Since the receiver antenna is very sensitive as it is assumed to be receiving the small pulse reflected back from far distance, a duplexer is installed to switch the between two antenna. This can ensure only one antenna is in use and prevent receiver antenna receiving signal directly from the transmitter antenna, which can potentially damage the receiver antenna. In a microscopic view, an alternating current (AC) is supplied to the antenna. It then produces a perpendicular alternating magnetic field around the antenna. By Lenz’s Law, for a closed loop carrying a current, it would produce a magnetic field perpendicular to current around the loop. In reverse, for a closed loop experience a change in magnetic field, a current perpendicular to magnetic field is generated to oppose the change. The combination of alternating current and magnetic field produces the electromagnetic wave that used for detection. The frequency of the EM wave can be changed by modifying the AC frequency. The frequency of the electromagnetic wave is usually set to between 3 kHz to 300 GHz at radio frequency (RF). It varies depends on the usage. With a higher frequency, using relation with speed of light (C) and wavelength (ÃŽ ») C=FÃŽ », the wavelength of RF wave is shorten. This decreases the electrical length of the antenna to and makes it easier to build. In military use, the RF pulse would set to lower frequency portion in the RF spectrum, usually between 7 to 11.2 GHz, which is called the X band. Being in RF spectrum, the high frequency radar pulse can create a radar cross-section of aircraft with a higher resolution, which helps identify aircraft more accurately. In more advance use, a much lower frequency is used to reveal stealth aircraft since it can give a much more sensitive signal. With a low frequency, the wavelength of radar pulse is comparable to size of stealth fighter and creates a scattering in resonance region instead of optical region, turning it more visible on radar. However, the frequency of the radar pulse cannot be lower than 800 MHz, otherwise the EM pulse would have insufficient penetrating power and easily be absorbed by raindrops. Other than that, the resolution of low frequency radar is relatively poor, and gives a poor display. It is only effective against stealth aircraft of length comparable to wavelength . When the radar pulse is bound back to the radar, the antenna experience an alternating change in magnetic field. This will produce an alternating electrical field and thus an AC current to flow in circuit. Since the returning signal is weak, it would pass through an amplifying circuit to increase the amplitude. In analyzing the signal, the frequency and time of travel would be taken to find the speed and velocity of detection target. When the radar pulse reaches an object, it is reflected and the frequency is shifted by Doppler Effect. Since the speed of RF wave is always the speed of light (C), the distance (S) can be express as a time (t) function, S = Ct/2. It is divided by two since the radar pulse travel through the same distance twice. To calculate speed of moving object, we can find out the change in frequency (Doppler frequency) of the returning wave. If the far object is moving, the object would create a Doppler shift to the radar pulse. This Shifted frequency () can be expressed by original frequency (), the moving speed (V) and speed of light (C). , which gives us the Doppler frequency () . For convenience, one assume, such that, and simply the equation as . 3.2 Radar jamming and deception Radar jamming and deception usually refer to the intention of saturating the radar with noise and false information, lowering the detection range of radar as well as the accuracy of the radar. There mainly two types of jamming, either mechanical jamming or electronic jamming. Mechanical jamming Mechanical jamming usually refer to use of physically existed thing to reflect and re-reflect RF signal back to radar, causing the radar to be saturated with false return signal. The commonly used mechanical jamming methods that adopt wave principles are chaff and corner reflectors. Chaff is bundles of reflective aluminum strip of various lengths. The aircraft drops these strips in air. When radar pulse reaches these strips, the radar pulse is reflected and scattered in all direction, creating huge return signal to the receiver. This could deceive the radar as â€Å"seeing† huge plane and deplete enemy resources like ammunition on shooting down the false target. Corner reflector reflects incoming radar pulse at other angle. Corner reflector is composed of either two or three reflective planes, perpendicular to each other. This configuration allows the incoming radar ray fully reflected back to the source. Yet this also increases special occupation of corner reflector, making it harder to carry by aircraft. The tails of the stealth fighter are designed to be acute angle, such that it avoids forming corner reflector, allowing radar to identify the airplane. Electronic jamming Electronic jamming refers to the active emission of RF pulse to the radar, saturating the radar with false return and noises. It includes spot jamming, sweep jamming, barrage jamming, cover pulse jamming and digital radio frequency memory jamming. Spot jamming, sweep jamming, barrage jamming uses the same principle, occupying the radar with high energy pulse and causing destructive interference of the RF wave. Spot jamming refers to jamming one specific frequency with high energy signal. Sweep jamming refers to jamming one specific frequency with high energy signal when the radar is switching from one frequency to another. Barrage jamming refers to jamming all specific frequency with high energy signal, however since it cover full range of frequency, each frequency are partially jammed. Cover pulse jamming refers to false return signal as noise. As radar receives certain amount of ambient noise, for example, like scanning through eagle and other types of bird, so it could be used as disguise for fighter to hide from radar. With pulse jamming system installed, the aircraft analysis the incoming radar signal and find suitable frequency for false noise return. Digital radio frequency memory is a repeater technique that analysis the incoming radar pulse and changes the returning frequency as well as time of return. The signal would be delay and diminish. This gives a false sign of far distance between aircraft and radar. Moreover, the frequency would also be shifted and produce a false Doppler shift on radar signal. This returns with false information about the velocity of aircraft. 3.3 Use of RAM Besides of active jamming and deceiving radar, the military develop RAM to avoid radar detection from the enemy. RAM stands for the Radar-Absorbance Material. According to the detecting radar frequency, different types of RAM are used to build stealth aircrafts. Iron ball paint absorber Iron ball paint is one of the mostly used RAM. It contains tiny spheres coated with carbonyl iron and ferrite. As radar waves induce molecular oscillation in this paint, the energy would dissipate as heat. This can absorb the radar and reduce the reflection of radar wave. Re-entrant triangles The structures of re-entrant triangles in between the surface foam absorber layer help reduce reflection of radar ray back to radar transceiver. Inside the foam absorber layer, the foam was cut into tiny square pyramid. This structure reflect incoming wave several times and reduce the energy of the radar wave. In practice, the width and height would change according to the incoming radar wave. The main purpose of adjusting height and width ratio is to achieve maximum internal reflection within the plane surface as possible. Jaumann absorber The wave principle deployed by Jaumann absorber is destructive interference. Gerneally, Jaumann absorber consist of two equally spaced layer and a ground metal plate. It cancels out the incoming wave by producing destructive interference. When a radar signal strikes on to the surface of Jaumann absorber, the wave split in to two waves, one is reflected at glossy surface of the Jaumann absorber, while the other enters the layer. The ray will then reflect back by the metal ground plate. The two layers having a total spacing of ÃŽ »/4 will allow the wave reflected back to surface at anti-phrase compare to incoming ray, where the ray have travelled a total of ÃŽ »/2 distance. Conclusion Radar principle make use of various wave property in tracing the enemy. In engineering, there is a sub-discipline for radar analysis, for a more precise interpretation of radar signal. This paper includes only few example and it was just a corner of iceberg. However, in just a brief analysis, we can see advancement of technology as people know more about wave and using this knowledge to build stealth aircraft. This game of â€Å"hide and seek† can be devastating to world as it brings a much higher casualties in war, however this game has also proven to be saving life war and pushing the advancement of technology. Would this game be beneficial to human? It would be an unanswered question waiting for the people to decide. Reference Radar. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar ODonnell, Robert. RES.LL-001 Introduction to Radar Systems, Spring 2007. (MIT OpenCourseWare: Massachusetts Institute of Technology), http://ocw.mit.edu/resources/res-ll-001-introduction-to-radar-systems-spring-2007 (Accessed 28 Nov, 2014). License: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Wolff, C. (n.d.). Radar Principle. Retrieved from http://www.radartutorial.eu/01.basics/Radar Principle.en.html Toomay, J., Hannen, P. (2004). Radar Principle for the Non-Specialist (3rd ed.). SciTech Publishing. Hitlers Stealth Fighter [Motion picture]. (2009). United State of America: National Geographic. Garcia, L. (n.d.). How Waves Helped Win the War: Radar and sonar in WWII. Retrieved from http://www.ww2sci-tech.org/lessons/lesson3.pdf Deb, N.N. (2006). Telecommunication Engineering (1st ed.). New Age International. Bole, A., Wall, A., Norris, A. (2014). Radar and ARPA Manual Radar, AIS and Target Tracking for Marine Radar Users. Elsevier. Varshney, L. (2002). Technical Report Radar Principles (3rd revision.). NY: Syracuse Research Corporation. Lorell, M. (2003). The U.S. Combat Aircraft Industry, 1909-2000. National Defense Research Institute. Radar jamming and deception. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception Radar-absorbent material. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar-absorbent_material Zikidis, K., Skondras, A., Tokas, C. (2014). Low Observable Principles, Stealth Aircraft and Anti-Stealth Technologies. Journal of Computations Modelling, Vol.4(No.1, 2014), 129-165. Retrieved from http://www.scienpress.com/Upload/JCM/Vol 4_1_9.pdf Stealth Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/search/slideshow?searchfrom=headerq=stealth technology

The Different Types of Love Expressed by Pre-1914 Poets Essay -- Poetr

The Different Types of Love Expressed by Pre-1914 Poets These 3 poems are completely different to each other. Porphyria’s Lover is obsessive and violent love, How Do I Love Thee? Is more of an undying love and the poem Remember is more like truthful love. In this essay I’ll take each poem and in a sentence or two explain the type of love that each poem demonstrates. I’ll also use quotations to show each of my poems shows a different type of love. The poem Porphyria’s Lover portrays the type of love in a sexual and passionate way. In the poem Porphyria’s Lover a man is speaking about the woman he loves. The love portrayed in Porphyria’s Lover is different than in the other poems because in this poem the man kills the woman so he can take control over her forever this is demonstrated here, ‘I found a thing to do, and all her hair In one long yellow string I wound Three times her little throat around, And strangle her’ with this sentence the poet means that the man killed the woman so that he can take control over her forever. I think that the man killed the woman so that she could never fall in love with someone else and that the woman would do what the man wants. I don’t think that the poem suggests that relationships are loving because he still killed her if it was love he wouldn’t kill her. The poem Porphyria’s Lover is a perverse love poem because he killed her and he wanted her just for himself and to use her for sex. Also I don’t think that Porphyria’s Lover is a love poem at all because the poem is just telling us how much the man loved the woman and what he would do just so she would be with him forever the man even kills her so that he can control her so I don’t think it’s a love poem ... ...’s Lover, How Do I Love Thee? And Remember show a different way of love. I think that the poem with the most realistic interpretation is Remember because many people that love each other say, ‘Remember me when I am gone away’ and love each other when they live in different countries or when they are apart from each other. Each poem shows a different way of love. Porphyria’s Lover is a violent way of love and the writer is trying to show that how much the man does just for the woman to love him. In the poem How Do I Love Thee? The love is expressed that it’s undying, that nothing would stop their relationship. In the poem Remember the love is shown in a undying way aswell as if their relationship would never end. I think that both Remember and How Do I Love Thee? Are the same kinds of poems but Porphyria’s Lover is completely different to both of them.

Mirza Ghalib’s Prose Essay

One of the most influential luminaries of the Subcontinent literature, Mirza Asad Ullah Khan, continues to win the hearts of the posterity with his evergreen literary works. His is renowned for his poetic endeavors in Urdu and Persian language with thousands of high quality verses to his credit. He bagged a major chunk of fame through his rich philosophical verses which often eclipse his status as a prolific prose-writer. Many notable writers proclaim that Ghalib could have garnered the same magnitude of fame only on the basis of his amazing prose. He gave a new and refreshing facet to the genre of prose-writing and thereby, is often referred to as â€Å"the father of prose-writing† in the realm of Urdu literature. He is the most written about of all the poets of Urdu literature , so much so that the study of his works has surprisingly been converted into a branch of exhaustive Urdu literature named â€Å"Ghalibiyaat†. Ghalib truly excelled in the domain of letter and journal writing (especially letter-writing which he started in 1857), endowing the style a novel characteristic. Before Ghalib ventured into literature, the prose literature included only a few theological and fictional books unnecessarily encumbered with heavy Persian and Arabic words. Ghalib divorced this highly artificial style in vogue, and hospitably welcomed his peculiar austere writing style. He effortlessly wrote two significant Urdu collections of letters; Urdu-e-Muallah (The Royal Urdu) and Ud-i-Hindi (The Indian Amber), laying a solid foundation of easy, popular and yet literary Urdu. He added another prominent feather to his literary cap through his narrative of historical accounts penned into impressive journal/diary format. This format includes Dastanboo (Pellet of Perfume) and Mihr-e-Nim Roz (Midday Sun), both in Persian language. His idiosyncrasy became so popular that even the most popular writers including Maulana Hali and Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan embraced his unpretentious style and carried forth the valuable legacy. Through analysis it becomes clear that there cannot be encountered any essential difference between the style that Ghalib adopted, and the style which is prevalent in today’s era which demands simplicity as well, rather than the complex and incomprehensible literature, embodying the heavy dose of flowery vocabulary and low content value. Ghalib was a gifted and an erudite writer with no dearth of creativity; introducing the new style being the biggest example of his treasure of creative skills. His letters project a clear, uncomplicated, natural and fascinating style, characterized with unimaginable flow, rhythm and spontaneity in his language. He adopted a conversational manner in his letters, giving the impression that he is conducting a conversation with a friend who is ostensibly sitting in front of him, discussing the everyday matters face-to-face. Such open and frank style even assists a reader to bond and gel with writer’s flow of thought. His words are impregnated with loud and fearless expressions of his innermost feelings, and at the same time reflect Ghalib’s highly developed taste and knowledge, owing to his aristocratic lineage. He expresses them openly and frankly, and at the same time he expects the correspondent to reciprocate the same intensity of emotions and frankness. Apart from being simplified linguistically, the letters are quite informal, progressing from the rhyming sentences and flattering epithets/long salutations, which were the characteristic features of the letters written by the educated Muslims, to simple salutations. Indebted to non-ornamental language, the commencement of a letter just by addressing the name of the recipient showed the transition in the long held tradition. Being celebrated for intense, intelligible poetry does not lessen Ghalib’s exceptional talent in wit and humor. A pioneer of informal writing, Ghalib’s recipes never lacked the spice of satire and comedy. His letters are rife in delighting humor and sharp wit, elucidating and highlighting Ghalib’s jolly, candid and loving nature. He even smiled at the gloomiest moments because the severe jolts of life had made him learn to smile in order to strengthen himself in the face of even the most terrible scenarios so as to mitigate the bitter and painful pangs of the agonizing life. For instance, when the 3rd wife of one of his friends died, Ghalib remarked: â€Å"Allah Allah, there are some among us who have been freed from this prison three times and I have for the past 50 years this rope around my neck; neither this rope breaks nor it takes my life. Another such example of his light-heartedness can be seen in one of his letters to Saif-ul-Haq, in which Ghalib candidly and cleverly talks his friend out of sending the predictable gift of mangoes, a fruit, of which he was awfully fond of, but was also flooded with, by his friends and companions. â€Å"I cannot think of anything which I can ask you to send me from Surat. What is there to be had which cannot be had here. I like mangoes no doubt, very much, not less than grapes, but how can they reach here safely from Surat and Bombay. The Malda mangoes are known here as Pewandi and Vilayati. They are fine indeed and they would be finer still at Surat, but it seems you would be going out of the way to send them from there to Delhi. The expense of sending mangoes worth a rupee would amount to about Rs. 4 by the parcel post and even then perhaps 10 out of 100 will get here in a sound condition. Please give up the idea of sending me any. Delicious mangoes of various kinds can be had here in plenty. The Nawab of Rampur often sends presents of fine mangoes from his own garden. While I am writing I have just received two baskets of mangoes from a friend at Bareily. They have been opened in my presence but all except 83 out of 200 sent to me have become rotten. † Ghalib’s inexhaustible fund of humor not only eased his sorrows, but also pacified bereavement of the others. Ghalib himself said: â€Å"I want to write the lines that whoever reads those should enjoy it. † Similarly, his journals are also the epitome of simplicity and the natural flow of language characterized by the starkness of his sadness and the reflection of a bleeding heart. Thematically, Ghalib’s letters are really pivotal and significant as they give a thorough insight into his exceedingly sensitive personality and thought patterns. Ghalib started penning letters to his friends around the tumultuous and chaotic period of Indian Mutiny 1857. This period not only marked profound change in Subcontinent’s history, but also in Ghalib’s life. Ghalib’s beloved city crumbled to the ground, turning into rubbles and waste as a result of aggressive fight between the British and the Indian rebels. It drowned Delhi into the blood of not only the common Indians, but also in the blood of many of Ghalib’s friends. A lot of his friends migrated from crimson-coated Delhi to seek refuge in other parts of the Indian Subcontinent. This left Ghalib in a lot of pain because he could not bear this agonizing disunion as he used to cherish his camaraderie. He once in one of his letters told a friend: â€Å"From hundreds of miles talk with the tongue of pen and enjoy the joy of meeting when you are separated. † To give vent to his gregarious urges, he took a step to compose letters so that he could keep in touch with his comrades, thereby writing 5 to 6 letters a day. His letters mostly written to friends can also be seen as a testimony of his true regard for the pure relationship of friendship and his dependence on this means of communication. Being a writer he was definitely a man of words and therefore, craved to have an outlet of the immense sea of expression that he possessed especially lovingly freed among people that he loved and owning to his affable nature there were many regardless of them being his contemporaries and supposed competition. These feelings can be found in the following extract from a letter to one of his closest friends Tafta: pg 51 â€Å"Well sir would you continue to be cross or would you make peace with me? If you cannot get reconciled to me you should at least tell me the reason of your being cross. In my solitude I live chiefly on letters from friends. When I get a letter from a friend I take it to be a visit from him. There is not a day on which I do not receive several letters from various directions. In fact on some days the postman brings my letters more than once, a few in the morning and a few in the evening. This keeps me busy as well as amused and I easily pass my day in enjoying their perusal and in having the pleasure of writing replies to them. † Through his letters, he communicated well his sentiments regarding the War of Independence 1857, and the decline of the Mughal Empire, including the excruciating effect it rendered on him and his friend’s lives. In his graphic letters, Ghalib presented the horrid picture of how Delhi was converting into a desert due to the scarcity of water, and also how the ruling Indian elite was coming to a dismal end which he so consciously belonged to and boosted off. He gives a picturesque account of the gory annihilation with a deep streak of gloom in it: â€Å"An ocean of blood churns around me – Alas! Were these all! The future will show what remains for me to see! † In addition to this, he shared with his friends the other happenings that manoeuvered his life through the travails of life(Thus, the letters become autobiographical in nature). He also conversed about the mannerism and the propriety observed at that point in time in Delhi. He himself belonged to the royal family of Seljuks, and invariably followed the decorum rampant at that time. A lot of his letters provide the testimony and several allusions to his nobility, the pride he took in it and his high self-respect as he proudly led a resplendent life of a royal person though he always was out of money and depended on the patronage of the royal court and the generosity of his friends. Moreover, Ghalib took great pride in his literary works, and in a letter to his friend and contemporary Majruh, he conscientiously acknowledged his role as the reformer of Urdu writing by introducing a much needed and ground breaking change that was openly adopted by his contemporaries so as to popularize Urdu prose. An extract of it is as following: â€Å"All the wealth of Delhi in gold and pearls and jewellery has flowed into the Punjab as a result of the loot that followed the Mutiny, but this style of writing was my peculiar property. This wealth has been looted by the cruel hands of a man from Panipat who resides in the Ansari’s quarter. However I bear him no grudge for this loot. May God bless him. † This small passage alone holds an array of cultural, historical and autobiographical dimensions. The exquisite letters also bring into light the poet’s unstable monetary conditions as only his poetry could qualify as his ‘property’ for he never even had a house to his name. Needless to say that a talent like Ghalib’s must be rightfully considered as a treasure, but the orphan despite being the owner of such a priceless possession survived owing to his friends’ favors or royal rewards. In the following extract from a letter written to his friend and fellow poet Saif-ul-Haq Sayyah, Ghalib discloses a dependable source of income: â€Å"For 12 years the late Nawab Yusaf Ali Khan of Rampur used to send his verses to me and to send a draft for Rs. 100 every month, but never asked me for a receipt for this money. He used to enclose the draft in his letter and he used occasionally to send a lump sum of Rs. 200 or 250 as a present. During the disturbed period following the mutiny my income from the fort (that us the Red Fort of Delhi) had vanished and the pension from the British government had been stopped. It was through the kindness of the Nawab of Rampur, who continued sending the fixed salary every month and other sums in addition, that I and my dependents managed to live in those days. The present Nawab, his successor, may God preserve him long, continues to send me my monthly salary as usual, though I do not know whether the occasional gifts would continue or not. † This letter shows his unfavorable dependence on others’ generosity and appreciation of literature. However, in the particular era, the royals and the aristocracy deemed all arts to be an asset to the heritage of their nation and did not hesitate in investing in it physically, mentally or financially. Kings, princes, nobles, common men delved into poetry, and it was socially compulsory for men of respectable parentage to show their talent in verses so as to affirm the capability of their cultured and refined minds. Therefore, literary men from all walks of life esteemed Ghalib to be a patron of literature and made him the receiver of many deserved rewards. Unfortunately, the officials and courtesans of that time could be easily regarded as an early manifestation of the corrupt worm that is so dominatingly residing in the insatiable bulging bellies of the clerks and officials of our 21st century government. Ghalib as well became a victim of an absolutely unjust scheme of the devious courtiers which he aptly pens in a letter to his good friend Tafta of which an extract is given below: â€Å"You have reminded me of a very old story, which has revived a sore spot in my heart. A Qasida was submitted through Munshi Husain to Roshan-ud-Daula and through the latter to Nawab Naseer-ud-Din Haider of Lucknow. The Nawab ordered Rs. 5000 to be sent to me on the very day when the Qasida reached him. Muhammad Husain, the middle man, never informed me of the order. The late Muzaffar-ud-Daula came to Delhi from Lucknow sometime after this and told me about it, but he asked me not to tell Muhammad Husain that he had given me this information. I wrote to Sheikh Imam Baksh Nasikh to enquire what had been the fate of my Qasida. He wrote back in reply that a reward of Rs. 5000 had been given by the ruler of Lucknow, but Roshan-ud-Daula himself kept Rs. 3000 out of the sum and gave Rs. 000 to Muhammad Husain telling him to send Ghalib any sum that he liked out of Rs. 2000. Nasikh enquired from me whether Muhammad Husain had sent anything out of the sum to me. I replied that I had not received even five rupees out of the whole sum of Rs5000. Nasikh on hearing this wrote to me again that I should write him a letter stating that I did not know whether any reward for my Qasida had been given by the king and he promised that he would manage to place the letter before the king and to get the person who had taken my money to disgorge it. I wrote a letter to the above effect as desired and posted it; but on the 3rd after the dispatch of the letter I heard a report in Delhi that Naseer-ud-Din Haider was dead. You can see for yourself what I could do and what could be done by Nasikh after this misfortune. † Through Ghalib’s letter, the modern generation is facilitated to learn about the long sowed seed of corruption and injustice and also the mistreatment and exploitation of artists. Although the financial situation of writers, poets and other creative upholders has improved through the progressive times but even now they are not given their due share especially in the East. Similarly in another letter of his to Mir Mahdi Majruh, Ghalib reveals his priority to be his work and not the sales or the profits acquired from his work of art. This shows Ghalib’s respect for his creativity and his unmatchable dignity. As acknowledged before by critics he was â€Å"too much of a poet to think like a business man† which also depicts the older generations’ simplicity and sensitive ego. The passage goes as: â€Å"You tell me that there are many people desirious of purchasing the book and that I should let you know the price. I am not a broker, a bookseller or the manager of a press. The owner of the Ahmadi press, where it has been published, is Muhammad Husain Khan. Its manager is Mirza Ammun Khan, the press is at shahdara. The owner lives at Delhi in Kucha Rai Man. The price of the book is -/6/-, postage extra. You may give this information to intending purchasers, who may send for any number of copies they may like by post. They may remit the price either in cash or in postage stamps to the above address. You and I have nothing to do with the matter. Owning to his self-confidence and self-assurance, Ghalib did not indulge in building facades and rightfully took the responsibility of a much needed literary reformer. Through his auto- biographical letters, many of the decadent literary traditions of the past times are revealed to us. For example, in those days authors and poets had the habit of sending their works and books to their fellow esteemed colleagues to write eulogistic notes on them as a guarantee of the writer’s brilliance and talent regardless of its actual existence which in Urdu is known as â€Å"Taqriz†. The friends asked of the favor used to be under an unspoken oath of flooding their notes with excessively high praises and ostentatious bouquets of compliments, deserving or undeserving, which tainted the credibility of the author himself and the notes were cleverly ignored by the clever audience as a blank page of any book. Ghalib put a stop to this hollow practice and became moderate in offering praises due to which many of his friends felt mistreated at the hands of the usually generous Ghalib. Tafta, also once complained of the unkindness with which he was met when he received a meager gratification for one of his books which is illustrated in the following extract: â€Å"I cannot give up my principles. I do not know that style of Indian writers of Persian in which they begin to praise one like professional bhats. Look at my qasidas you will find that the proportions of poetical flights on general subjects of a literary nature is much larger in them than the verses devoted to the eulogy of the person praised. The same principle I follow in my prose. Look at the Taqriz I wrote on the book of Nawab Mustafa Khan and see how small the space devoted in it, to his praise is. See again the preface I wrote for the Diwan of Mirza Rahim-ud-Din Haya or look at the Taqriz I wrote at the instance of Mr. John Jacob on his edition of the Diwan-i-Hafiz. There is only one verse in praise of him and the rest of the writing, in prose, is on other interesting topics. I assure you if I had written a preface to a collection of poems of a prince I would not have given him more space than I have given to the praise of your work. If you knew this peculiarity of mine, you would have regarded the praise that I have bestowed on your work as enough. † Similarly being one of the most celebrated and prominent writers of those times and also of the times ahead, Ghalib was a recipient of many books and works of his colleagues and reverent pupils for corrections, criticism, improvements and advice, a common practice in the era in question. It was commonplace for men of education to indulge in literary writings regardless of their parentage. Therefore, more room for criticism and professional help was made. Masters also, openly accepted this tedious and monetarily fruitless challenge so as to increase the number of their subservient pupils, a matter of pride and popularity in those days and also to encourage and invest in literary taste which in the 18th century was a testimony of refined culture. Ghalib in order to help his colleagues and pupils ran in extra mile by not only correcting their mistakes but by also writing helpful but lengthy additional notes so as to ensure improvement and fulfill his responsibility. An example of this is the following extract from a letter to Tafta in which Ghalib dutifully criticizes his sent work: â€Å"Well done. What a nice Qaida you have written? The continuity of sense and the simplicity of words are praise-worthy. One of your lines coincides with a line of a verse from Shaukat of Bukhara that is chak gardidamo az jaib badaman raftam. I think you may well be proud of your thought having reached the same height as that of Shaukat in this line, but the line preceding this in your poem does not come up to the corresponding line of Shaukat.

Free Essays on Materialism

Materialism Materialism what do you think it is?We all know that materialism is what a person wants not what he needs.Materialism also is the standards that other people see that we think we haveto live by. As Webster’s Dictionary state, materialism is a theory thatphysical matter is only fundamental reality. Americans are very materialistic.Because our society is so materialistic, people can be hurt, and ashamed of howthey dress. Materialism in our society can also be costly. If we took a secondand looked at our society we would be able to see that our society is verymaterialistic. We are very concerned with differentname brands such as Polo, Tommy, Ralph Lauren, Calvin Kline, Fubu, Nautica,Nike, Adidias and the list could go on and on. We see the different stars ontelevision, in movies, commercials, and magazines or on stages. Whether theyare actors, actress, singers, models we all look at the clothing they wear andthink that this is what must be fashionable acceptable in our society. We letthese people set what we are going to wear and buy, since when did they decidehow we spend our hard earned money. If an actor/actress can afford an item ofclothing, does that mean that we have to buy that item to be like them? If westop to think for a minute, yes Michael Jordan was a very good basketballplayer, but does that mean we have to buy some hundred-dollar shoes becausethey have his name on it? Others of us might recall the Fubu commercial. Theones with LL Cool J’s (rapper/actor) they may be his line of clothing that heis promoting so us the consu ! mer looks at that and thinks well if LL is wearingthat then I want to be like him. Now Sean â€Å"Puffy† comps is a great rapper, butdoes that mean we have to buy his line of clothing? Calvin Kline what did he dothat was so great that make every one what to wear his clothing? We may bethinking that these sounds exactly like us or we may think what is she talkingabout... Free Essays on Materialism Free Essays on Materialism What Advertisements Don’t Tell You in Their Ads materialism (m -tà ®r - -l z m) n. 1. The theory or attitude that physical well-being and worldly possessions constitute the greatest good and highest value in life. Advertising generates new needs and establishes brand loyalties. Ads alert people to both new products and new versions of old ones. Consumption today is not only about keeping up with the Joneses. The labels you wear, the food you eat, the restaurants you frequent, the haircut you flaunt, where you go on holiday, even your spiritual cravings are social symbols. What is happening to the average man, the man who is caught in the web of a consumerist and materialistic culture with all the temptations it offers him? The general scenario is one of utter helplessness and nobody seems to have any control over his future. Added to this is the acquisitive tendency of those who are tempted to go for all kinds of things the market offers. A kind of insatiable greed seems to have taken control of all of us and no effort is being made anywhere to limit one’s wants. And this has become a global phenomenon and no country seems to be free from it. Thus the average man finds himself to be tr ! uly at a crossroads of utter despair and helplessness. He is swept away by the mighty waves of an all-pervading materialism and consumerism. Economic well-being appears to be the sole purpose of life and the manner in which value systems are being trampled upon raises the big question: Where are we headed? In the car ad included we see the car in all of its glory. What we do not see is how the car was made, who made it, and most importantly what sort of emissions it puts out. Contrary to popular belief that societal unawareness has paved our way to environmental catastrophe; advertising deliberately avoids showing the environmental consequences of a consumer society. Take for instance the Volks Wagon ad. When you look ... Free Essays on Materialism Materialism Materialism what do you think it is?We all know that materialism is what a person wants not what he needs.Materialism also is the standards that other people see that we think we haveto live by. As Webster’s Dictionary state, materialism is a theory thatphysical matter is only fundamental reality. Americans are very materialistic.Because our society is so materialistic, people can be hurt, and ashamed of howthey dress. Materialism in our society can also be costly. If we took a secondand looked at our society we would be able to see that our society is verymaterialistic. We are very concerned with differentname brands such as Polo, Tommy, Ralph Lauren, Calvin Kline, Fubu, Nautica,Nike, Adidias and the list could go on and on. We see the different stars ontelevision, in movies, commercials, and magazines or on stages. Whether theyare actors, actress, singers, models we all look at the clothing they wear andthink that this is what must be fashionable acceptable in our society. We letthese people set what we are going to wear and buy, since when did they decidehow we spend our hard earned money. If an actor/actress can afford an item ofclothing, does that mean that we have to buy that item to be like them? If westop to think for a minute, yes Michael Jordan was a very good basketballplayer, but does that mean we have to buy some hundred-dollar shoes becausethey have his name on it? Others of us might recall the Fubu commercial. Theones with LL Cool J’s (rapper/actor) they may be his line of clothing that heis promoting so us the consu ! mer looks at that and thinks well if LL is wearingthat then I want to be like him. Now Sean â€Å"Puffy† comps is a great rapper, butdoes that mean we have to buy his line of clothing? Calvin Kline what did he dothat was so great that make every one what to wear his clothing? We may bethinking that these sounds exactly like us or we may think what is she talkingabout... Free Essays on Materialism (Topic) The view taken by Lewis Lapham of â€Å"the American faith in money† meticulously identifies the covetous sentiment shared by our people. (Tell #1) Since the formation of this nation, Americans have been materialistic. (Show #1) Henry Adams observed how â€Å"deflected by the pursuit of money† the Americans were. (Mean #1) We have slowly altered our course in life to focus on achieving great riches, although these will only remain a dream for most. (Tell #2) The American people attempt to use their wealth to prove their â€Å"worth† to others and themselves. (Show #2) The philosophy, â€Å"the visible signs of wealth testify to an inward state of grace† or success, epitomizes the doctrines of the American people. (Mean #3) By ostentatiously displaying our tangible assets, we assume that other people will conclude we are happy and successful because we own so much. (Tell #3) Citizens of other countries largely have not had the same op portunities as Americans. They defer to values in â€Å"family, religion, honor, intellect, and social class†. (Show #3) The beauty of the Constitution and founding principles of America were to have a diverse society, where people with different ideas and beliefs could harmoniously live together. Therefore, we do not all have a consensual system to pass judgment on, so we turn to the obvious source of unity: money. In this land of opportunity, a clever person can build a fortune from scratch, in the past, through oil corporations and railroads, in the present, through Internet companies. We have faith in money, because we believe that to achieve that level of affluence, the individual must be intelligent, shrewd, astute, and witty along with dozens of other favorable and cherished characteristics. Money is an integral part of our lives because with it we associate the same connotations that the English do to a name; the Germans, a university degree; or the Soviets, po litical power. ...

Diet and Primate Evolution essays

Diet and Primate Evolution essays Variation in the choices of food on a daily, seasonal, and yearly basis is one of the greatest differences between primate species. Primate diets have generally been divided into three main food categories-fruit, leaves and fauna (including insects, spiders, and bird's eggs for the most part). The different diets also are referred to as Frugivores, Folivores, and Insectivores (fruits, leaves and insects respectively). These gross dietary categories are correlated with aspects of primate activity patterns such as home range and group size. There are different problems that have to be overcome in order to obtain a balanced diet on a day-to-day basis. New leaves and mature leaves, for example, may have different nutritional bases or availabilities. Some fruits appear in large clumps while others are spread thinly over a larger area. Aside from diet, primates have tended to either adapt through specialized dentition and digestive systems or rely on a variety of different foods. T hose that chose this second route have tended to have larger brain sizes relative to their overall body size. This may be due to the need to know where different types of food can be found at different times throughout the year. Have you ever looked at a picture of a gorilla or money that has what appears to be a "beer belly" look? Those primates that specialize on eating large amounts of vegetation have difficulty digesting their meals. Different solutions have been found including double stomachs or multichewes, but the problem usually requires an individual to sit back and let the digestive system work-and on the die expel gas. It hasn't been until recently that it was realized that primates, who evolved in the canopy, actually had a quite difficult time finding adequate nutrition. Due to natural selection, which strongly favors those traits enhancing foraging efficiency, and this difficulty finding sustenance, the characteristics regarded ...

Coral Reef Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Coral Reef - Essay Example Coral reefs therefore are mostly found in the oceanic environment where there are large quantities of calcium carbonate. Structure of the Ecosystem; Biotic and A biotic Coral reefs consist of both the biotic and a biotic factors and this determines the living and the non-living parts of the ecosystem respectively. The biotic factors encompasses all the life forms that are within the coral reefs and this includes the following; the density of the coral polyps, fish population in the waters, the wide range of the mollusks population, all the populations of echinoderms, the population of zooplanktons and those of benthic crustacean. All these constitute the biotic par t of the coral reefs (Nichols and Williams 41). With regard to a biotic factor, there are also a number of conditions mostly environmental that constitutes a biotic factors, they include; water temperature, the PH of the water, water salinity, the dissolved mineral in water, the suspended particles of inorganic matter in w ater. There are also other factors such as the strength of the current, the sunlight reaching the coral reefs, the degree of dissolved oxygen in water as well as depth/ pressure of the water on coral reef. Carbon and Nitrogen cycle of the Ecosystem Coral reefs contribute to the carbon cycle through calcification process, they release carbon dioxide gas that eventually reacts with other bases until equilibrium is reached, and this depends on the buffering capacity of the water. The coral reefs through cycling of the nitrogen molecules through water and the atmosphere in cycles and continuous manner also necessitate nitrogen fixation. Disturbance and Recovery of the Ecosystem Coral reefs suffers unprecedented disturbance from the human and other natural occurrence in equal measure. With reference to the human disturbance, a legion of activities results into the disturbance considering the fragility of the reefs (Davidson 62). Some of the ways through which disturbances occur through h uman are; industrial discharges into the lakes come with a number of chemicals that are detrimental to the development of the corals and kill them. Construction activities in the ocean environment also facilitates activities that disturb the growth of the coral reefs, such activities includes; port development, dredging, reclamation works, and industrial development. Port activities also increase the disturbance of the coral reefs through spills of cargo and the associated petrochemicals (Nichols and Williams 59). There are also natural factors that affect coral reefs and this includes; ocean currents, strong oceanic currents may sweep the corals and disintegrates them leading to their disturbances. Unfavorable a biotic factor such as light wavelength, pressure, and poor oxygen distribution in the ocean can also lead to disturbances in growth and development of the corals. Ecosystem recovery based on Resilience mechanism and the theory of Secondary Succession Coral reefs faces a num ber of disturbances and needs to recover from the shock that manifest to them in daily occurrence, there are fishing activities in the ocean, global warming menace is also another factor that is a effecting the coral reefs and once this happens. The life of the coral reefs are placed in danger and they need to recover from t

Martin Wong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Martin Wong - Essay Example He focused his attention completely to painting. His move to New York came as a friendly challenge. He did drawings and made ceramics at art fairs. He was known as Human Instamatic before then. He made $7.5 per portrait he drew. By 1978, his record had been 27 fairs in a single day. His friends challenged him to move to New York since he was evidently superb at his job. Although the works of Martin Worth inspired the growth of hip hop culture, his creative arts leaves little to be desired in perpetuating societal values. Wong’s mature career began a few years before moving to New York. The works ranged from heartfelt renderings of the decaying Lower East Sides to playful and almost kitschy depictions of China Towns of San Francisco and New York. He drew and painted traffic signs for the hearing impaired too. Perhaps, the best known and remembered collaborative works of Wong is the alliance between him and Miguel Pinero, the Nuyorican poet. His paintings often combined the poetry of Pinero and the painstaking stylized finger spellings and cityscapes he drew and painted. The artist’s Loisaida pieces coupled with his collaboration with Pinero formed part of the Nuyorican movement (Wong 12). Nuyorican Movement that Wong became a significant part of refers to an intellectual and cultural movement that involves poets, artists, writers and musicians who are Puerto Rican descendents or have association with Puerto Rico and live near New York. He joined the group that had his origin in the 1960s and 1970s within the neighborhoods such as East Harlem, South Bronx and Loisaida as a means to validate the Puerto Rican experience in the United States of America. It was meant to better the standards of the poor and the working class populaces that suffered from ostracism, marginalization and discrimination. The term that they gave the group of artists was used as an insult until renowned artists such as Miguel Algarin

Desribing a room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Desribing a room - Essay Example The entrance to this room has been decorated with artificial flowers shining on one side of the door. The door itself is made of wood and has been decorated with small stuffed toys. The right side of the room has a short shell on which small crystal decoration pieces have been placed. The left side is an empty wall which has nice painted scenery on it. The bed set is placed with the front wall facing the door. The bed set is made of wood and a nice patterned bed spread has been put on it. On the wall in front of the bed set is attached the light crystal display television set. Under the television set is a table, which has a DVD player on it. Under the table are the television stabilizers and the speakers. The wall on one side of the bed set opens into the dressing room. The roof is cemented but has bamboo patterns on it which look very beautiful. The curtains are made of silk fabric. The color theme of the room is light green which means that most of the things that the room contain s are green in color. The room is painted in green with shine particles sprinkled on the paint which keeps them stuck to the wall. The ceiling has been decorated with light emitting stars which shine when the light is off. The bed spread and the carpet are also green.

Gender Identity Essay Example for Free

Gender Identity Essay There are many factors that can determine gender identity. There is continuous research comparing the affect of both biology and environment on gender identity. Gender identity is almost always chromosomal sex although that isnt enough to rule out the affect of environment. Intersexuals are rare individuals who posses the typical external genitalia while possessing ambiguous sexual organs of the other sex. There are also hermaphrodites who possess both testicular and ovarian tissue. These two factors that determine gender identity are caused by hormonal factors in prenatal development. Hermaphrodites usually assume the gender identity of the sex assignment at birth. A sex assignment is the process of determining the sex of a child at birth. Intersexualism has given scientists a chance to compare environment and biology. Intersexualism means a person possesses a whole, either male or female reproductive organs. They also possess internal or external tissue of the other sex. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is a form of intersexualism in which a genetic female has internal female sexual structures but masculinized external genitals. Androgen-insensitivity syndrome is a form of intersexualism in which a genetic male is prenatally insensitive to androgens such that his genitals are not normally masculinized. Dominican Republic Syndrome is a form intersexualism in which a genetic enzyme disorder prevents testosterone from masculinizing the external genitalia. CAH is caused by exposure to androgens which are produced naturally through adrenal or mothers may have received synthetic androgens to prevent miscarriage in women who have a family history of miscarriages. Research has been done on CAH and results have shown that girls with CAH act more like a boy. They are more interested in masculine toys such as trucks while girls without are more interested in playing with dolls. Girls with CAH show more aggression in play and tend to have more male friends while girls without CAH play with other girls. There are many kinds of androgen-insensitivity syndrome. One involves a male having a sensitivity to prenatal androgen due to a mutated gene. At birth, their genitals are feminized and can even include a small vagina. This insensitivity causes male internal reproductive organs to remain undevelo ped. Girls can have partial androgen-insensitivity syndrome or complete androgen-insensitivity syndrome. Girls with CAIS develop typical genital external organs but their internal reproductive organs to  not function properly. Girls with PAIS are usually raised as boys but sometimes as girls. Research results show that women with PAIS have no difference in gender identity in comparison to women without although they are born with external masculinized genitalia. Three things that have effected the gender identity of my own are very simple and generic. Of course, I have external male genitalia which in turn makes the perception I have of myself lean more towards being a man. I was raised by mom and only my mom so being the man of the house was always being presented to me because I was also an only child. This masculinized my attitude overall and gave me an alpha male self-esteem at an early age. I played a lot of sports which exposed me to aggressive play and taught me how to play hard. One of my reasons is backed by biology and the other two are backed by environment. This doesnt mean that environment has a larger affect on gender identity but it is the direction I chose to go when analyzing my own factors of determining my gender identity. In conclusion, there is still no real answer when the question is asked: nature or nurture? Gender identity is largely influenced by biology and prenatal androgens but parenting and encouraging by a primary caregiver can influence gender identity greatly. Many factors can determine gender identity and prenatal conditions can cause internal and external differences in genitalia which will affect both sex assignment and gender identity.

IB Theory of Knowledge

IB Theory of Knowledge All human beings, by learning how to agree and disagree with particular subjects, have opinions and thus express them. But how do the opinions of expert help us researching for certain knowledge? Before, experts were figures whom we, as human beings, trust and depend on to find truth from our insights. They have advanced knowledge, skills and understanding. Then what is the difference between opinions and knowledge? Opinions are what we think about a particular question. We shape our beliefs based either on experiences or senses, or on the knowledge we have. However, the real source for our opinion has been vague until now. Thus, we all have different opinions on a same issue at different levels. Knowledge is what we gain from our experiences, perceptions and reasoning by associating with various matters. An important fact about opinions and knowledge is that they are correlated. We use both knowledge and opinions to acquire opinions and knowledge. Which one is more important the bet ween the two? Is it opinion or knowledge? The question addresses how important the opinions of experts are and in what fields of knowledge they are important. Our knowledge depends mostly on knowledge that is inherited from the past. This is because it is evidenced that we trust it more. Opinions are the basis of theory and what make convictions on the opinions stronger are physical objects, facts and people. We call them in a word, testimony. For example, a hypothesis merely begins as an opinion but develops into a theory with various testimonies. Natural science, the study of physics, chemistry and biology, also often include the usage of experts opinions. For example Charles Darwin who played an important role in developing the evolutionary theory insisted on the fact that evolution is a result of natural selection. There were groups against his theory. However, by his discovering a series of observations and deductions, people were convinced and believed his philosophy. People were persuaded by his testimony, evidence. Without the testimony, the opinion of experts is not valuable and theory often cannot be built; such experts will be c ontributing less or with no credible knowledge for us. Human science, the study and interpretation of the experiences, activities, constructs, and artifacts associated with human beings  [1]  , is another area full of experts opinions. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, known as psychologists claimed the fact that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.  [2]  Looking at their opinions, we assume that their opinions are based on sense perception. Sense perception refers to the perceptions that are based on five senses; sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Then what is the relation between sense perception and theory? Believing our senses is equal to believing to see the truth. We, as in TOK, doubt our senses by insisting that we have different perceptions and experiences. We cannot trust entirely what we see, smell, hear, taste and touch. The behaviorism theory began by doubting our senses that come from experiences and conditioning. Distrusting one sense can bring about a completely different behavior. By stating that d esk is a desk, I see it from different perceptions. When I see a desk itself, I see only one edge of a desk. I mistrust my senses that are from my experience and conditioning. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner approach the theory and we develop our knowledge by asserting that we all have different perceptions from conditioning. Is the opinion of expert always important in any area of knowledge? We, students always stay closer to mathematics not only at school but also in life. It is an essential subject we learn from the very early ages. Does mathematic require opinions of experts? Do we use them to explain and solve math problems? The mathematical knowledge is composed of certain rules. These rules require logic and reasons to reach the answers and the explanation. The mathematical knowledge is also complex and theoretical. The content and extent of math are unlimited and thus require logic thinking. Namely, opinion is not a necessary element for mathematics. An expert himself depends on logics and reasons and tries not to get involved with emotions and opinions. This is because personal emotions and opinions often influence the processes. I, as a Korean, am always surprised about the fact that Americans use various toys and methods to teach math. On television, I see cards, candies, milks, and toys etc us ed to raise the interest of children. In particular game is another method of math for the Americans. In Korea, not only high school students but even elementary students, do not use any toys when learning math. We believe that toys can disturb childrens concentrations and slow down the speed of acquiring mathematical skills. Using toys is nothing more than to make us curious what math is about when we are at age of 5 or 6. Ethics is a motivation based on the ideas of right or wrong.  [3]  We often confuse the concept of ethics and morals. Then what is the definition of moral? Moral refers to the personal character while ethic is a social system in which those morals are applied.  [4]  In other words, ethics, different from moral, point to the standards or the codes of behavior expected by the group to which the individual belongs.  [5]  Do we use opinions of experts in ethics? Before asking this question, do we need them in this field? We assume that we do not. Ethics depend mostly on the nature of the problem. There are certain rules and patterns but these are not based on the opinions of experts. This is because the expert can express personal emotions and cultures and thus influence opinions. Ethics should not rely on the belief of an individual or a particular group. Belief refers to the emotions, opinions and cultures. Culture of the expert has a great impact on ethics when applied. Th is is because every expert has different culture and thus creates different ethics. The most representative ethics in Korea is politeness towards older people. Dissimilar to any other countries, we bend our waists 90 degree to bow towards older people such as our parents, grandmothers, grandfathers, teachers and older neighbors. We show our respect in this way. We value the respect more than anything. Then, do Koreans reflect the opinions of experts in this issue? It is ethics that reflects cultures rather than opinions of experts. Namely, we do not require individuals opinion and emotions to value ethics. To conclude, we see that some fields do not necessitate opinions of experts and rather consider them as obstacles that prevent us from searching for and improving the knowledge. Addressing the question, I have stated two areas of knowledge where I see the need of experts opinions; natural science and human science. I also have stated two other areas of knowledge where I think that opinions of experts are not required but rather logic and reason; math and arts. The reason why I have also discovered areas where opinions are not necessary is that I believe some fields require more logic and reason than personal opinions. I could have found areas easily when I thought of subjects I study at school. I realized that I am in touch with these fields every day. Reflecting my research, I conclude that elements in ways of knowing are essential at influencing the areas of knowledge. In addition, I consider that not only emotion and sense perception but also testimony and culture are important impacts associating with the opinions of experts. How important are the opinions of experts in the search for knowledge? We cannot precisely answer this question because we cannot measure how important they are but rather can judge where they are important. Based on the information carried on until now, we can approach to the conclusion that in fields like natural science, human science and history require opinions of experts. These fields are easily influenced by sense perception and testimony. When testimony is put on with these fields, it contributes advanced knowledge to us. On the other hand, when looking at the human science, we find that doubting our five senses bring us different conditioning which influences our perceptions and opinions. We see that this is one reason why everyone develops different viewpoints. We also discover that some fields like math and art do not endow knowledge to us using the opinions of experts but the logic and the reason. This is because we believe that not only the opinions but also the emotions can be factors confusing the experts in the process of searching for the knowledge. In addition, we realize that some experts rather refuse to be involved with opinions and emotions. We also linked culture as a part of impact like opinions and emotions. To conclude, experts opinions should be viewed as guidance but we should not forget that they are expert opinions, namely they have some influence carrying from culture and other sources.