Thursday, October 31, 2019

Desribing a room Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Desribing a room - Essay Example The entrance to this room has been decorated with artificial flowers shining on one side of the door. The door itself is made of wood and has been decorated with small stuffed toys. The right side of the room has a short shell on which small crystal decoration pieces have been placed. The left side is an empty wall which has nice painted scenery on it. The bed set is placed with the front wall facing the door. The bed set is made of wood and a nice patterned bed spread has been put on it. On the wall in front of the bed set is attached the light crystal display television set. Under the television set is a table, which has a DVD player on it. Under the table are the television stabilizers and the speakers. The wall on one side of the bed set opens into the dressing room. The roof is cemented but has bamboo patterns on it which look very beautiful. The curtains are made of silk fabric. The color theme of the room is light green which means that most of the things that the room contain s are green in color. The room is painted in green with shine particles sprinkled on the paint which keeps them stuck to the wall. The ceiling has been decorated with light emitting stars which shine when the light is off. The bed spread and the carpet are also green.

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Gender Identity Essay Example for Free

Gender Identity Essay There are many factors that can determine gender identity. There is continuous research comparing the affect of both biology and environment on gender identity. Gender identity is almost always chromosomal sex although that isnt enough to rule out the affect of environment. Intersexuals are rare individuals who posses the typical external genitalia while possessing ambiguous sexual organs of the other sex. There are also hermaphrodites who possess both testicular and ovarian tissue. These two factors that determine gender identity are caused by hormonal factors in prenatal development. Hermaphrodites usually assume the gender identity of the sex assignment at birth. A sex assignment is the process of determining the sex of a child at birth. Intersexualism has given scientists a chance to compare environment and biology. Intersexualism means a person possesses a whole, either male or female reproductive organs. They also possess internal or external tissue of the other sex. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia is a form of intersexualism in which a genetic female has internal female sexual structures but masculinized external genitals. Androgen-insensitivity syndrome is a form of intersexualism in which a genetic male is prenatally insensitive to androgens such that his genitals are not normally masculinized. Dominican Republic Syndrome is a form intersexualism in which a genetic enzyme disorder prevents testosterone from masculinizing the external genitalia. CAH is caused by exposure to androgens which are produced naturally through adrenal or mothers may have received synthetic androgens to prevent miscarriage in women who have a family history of miscarriages. Research has been done on CAH and results have shown that girls with CAH act more like a boy. They are more interested in masculine toys such as trucks while girls without are more interested in playing with dolls. Girls with CAH show more aggression in play and tend to have more male friends while girls without CAH play with other girls. There are many kinds of androgen-insensitivity syndrome. One involves a male having a sensitivity to prenatal androgen due to a mutated gene. At birth, their genitals are feminized and can even include a small vagina. This insensitivity causes male internal reproductive organs to remain undevelo ped. Girls can have partial androgen-insensitivity syndrome or complete androgen-insensitivity syndrome. Girls with CAIS develop typical genital external organs but their internal reproductive organs to  not function properly. Girls with PAIS are usually raised as boys but sometimes as girls. Research results show that women with PAIS have no difference in gender identity in comparison to women without although they are born with external masculinized genitalia. Three things that have effected the gender identity of my own are very simple and generic. Of course, I have external male genitalia which in turn makes the perception I have of myself lean more towards being a man. I was raised by mom and only my mom so being the man of the house was always being presented to me because I was also an only child. This masculinized my attitude overall and gave me an alpha male self-esteem at an early age. I played a lot of sports which exposed me to aggressive play and taught me how to play hard. One of my reasons is backed by biology and the other two are backed by environment. This doesnt mean that environment has a larger affect on gender identity but it is the direction I chose to go when analyzing my own factors of determining my gender identity. In conclusion, there is still no real answer when the question is asked: nature or nurture? Gender identity is largely influenced by biology and prenatal androgens but parenting and encouraging by a primary caregiver can influence gender identity greatly. Many factors can determine gender identity and prenatal conditions can cause internal and external differences in genitalia which will affect both sex assignment and gender identity.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

IB Theory of Knowledge

IB Theory of Knowledge All human beings, by learning how to agree and disagree with particular subjects, have opinions and thus express them. But how do the opinions of expert help us researching for certain knowledge? Before, experts were figures whom we, as human beings, trust and depend on to find truth from our insights. They have advanced knowledge, skills and understanding. Then what is the difference between opinions and knowledge? Opinions are what we think about a particular question. We shape our beliefs based either on experiences or senses, or on the knowledge we have. However, the real source for our opinion has been vague until now. Thus, we all have different opinions on a same issue at different levels. Knowledge is what we gain from our experiences, perceptions and reasoning by associating with various matters. An important fact about opinions and knowledge is that they are correlated. We use both knowledge and opinions to acquire opinions and knowledge. Which one is more important the bet ween the two? Is it opinion or knowledge? The question addresses how important the opinions of experts are and in what fields of knowledge they are important. Our knowledge depends mostly on knowledge that is inherited from the past. This is because it is evidenced that we trust it more. Opinions are the basis of theory and what make convictions on the opinions stronger are physical objects, facts and people. We call them in a word, testimony. For example, a hypothesis merely begins as an opinion but develops into a theory with various testimonies. Natural science, the study of physics, chemistry and biology, also often include the usage of experts opinions. For example Charles Darwin who played an important role in developing the evolutionary theory insisted on the fact that evolution is a result of natural selection. There were groups against his theory. However, by his discovering a series of observations and deductions, people were convinced and believed his philosophy. People were persuaded by his testimony, evidence. Without the testimony, the opinion of experts is not valuable and theory often cannot be built; such experts will be c ontributing less or with no credible knowledge for us. Human science, the study and interpretation of the experiences, activities, constructs, and artifacts associated with human beings  [1]  , is another area full of experts opinions. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, known as psychologists claimed the fact that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning.  [2]  Looking at their opinions, we assume that their opinions are based on sense perception. Sense perception refers to the perceptions that are based on five senses; sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste. Then what is the relation between sense perception and theory? Believing our senses is equal to believing to see the truth. We, as in TOK, doubt our senses by insisting that we have different perceptions and experiences. We cannot trust entirely what we see, smell, hear, taste and touch. The behaviorism theory began by doubting our senses that come from experiences and conditioning. Distrusting one sense can bring about a completely different behavior. By stating that d esk is a desk, I see it from different perceptions. When I see a desk itself, I see only one edge of a desk. I mistrust my senses that are from my experience and conditioning. John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner approach the theory and we develop our knowledge by asserting that we all have different perceptions from conditioning. Is the opinion of expert always important in any area of knowledge? We, students always stay closer to mathematics not only at school but also in life. It is an essential subject we learn from the very early ages. Does mathematic require opinions of experts? Do we use them to explain and solve math problems? The mathematical knowledge is composed of certain rules. These rules require logic and reasons to reach the answers and the explanation. The mathematical knowledge is also complex and theoretical. The content and extent of math are unlimited and thus require logic thinking. Namely, opinion is not a necessary element for mathematics. An expert himself depends on logics and reasons and tries not to get involved with emotions and opinions. This is because personal emotions and opinions often influence the processes. I, as a Korean, am always surprised about the fact that Americans use various toys and methods to teach math. On television, I see cards, candies, milks, and toys etc us ed to raise the interest of children. In particular game is another method of math for the Americans. In Korea, not only high school students but even elementary students, do not use any toys when learning math. We believe that toys can disturb childrens concentrations and slow down the speed of acquiring mathematical skills. Using toys is nothing more than to make us curious what math is about when we are at age of 5 or 6. Ethics is a motivation based on the ideas of right or wrong.  [3]  We often confuse the concept of ethics and morals. Then what is the definition of moral? Moral refers to the personal character while ethic is a social system in which those morals are applied.  [4]  In other words, ethics, different from moral, point to the standards or the codes of behavior expected by the group to which the individual belongs.  [5]  Do we use opinions of experts in ethics? Before asking this question, do we need them in this field? We assume that we do not. Ethics depend mostly on the nature of the problem. There are certain rules and patterns but these are not based on the opinions of experts. This is because the expert can express personal emotions and cultures and thus influence opinions. Ethics should not rely on the belief of an individual or a particular group. Belief refers to the emotions, opinions and cultures. Culture of the expert has a great impact on ethics when applied. Th is is because every expert has different culture and thus creates different ethics. The most representative ethics in Korea is politeness towards older people. Dissimilar to any other countries, we bend our waists 90 degree to bow towards older people such as our parents, grandmothers, grandfathers, teachers and older neighbors. We show our respect in this way. We value the respect more than anything. Then, do Koreans reflect the opinions of experts in this issue? It is ethics that reflects cultures rather than opinions of experts. Namely, we do not require individuals opinion and emotions to value ethics. To conclude, we see that some fields do not necessitate opinions of experts and rather consider them as obstacles that prevent us from searching for and improving the knowledge. Addressing the question, I have stated two areas of knowledge where I see the need of experts opinions; natural science and human science. I also have stated two other areas of knowledge where I think that opinions of experts are not required but rather logic and reason; math and arts. The reason why I have also discovered areas where opinions are not necessary is that I believe some fields require more logic and reason than personal opinions. I could have found areas easily when I thought of subjects I study at school. I realized that I am in touch with these fields every day. Reflecting my research, I conclude that elements in ways of knowing are essential at influencing the areas of knowledge. In addition, I consider that not only emotion and sense perception but also testimony and culture are important impacts associating with the opinions of experts. How important are the opinions of experts in the search for knowledge? We cannot precisely answer this question because we cannot measure how important they are but rather can judge where they are important. Based on the information carried on until now, we can approach to the conclusion that in fields like natural science, human science and history require opinions of experts. These fields are easily influenced by sense perception and testimony. When testimony is put on with these fields, it contributes advanced knowledge to us. On the other hand, when looking at the human science, we find that doubting our five senses bring us different conditioning which influences our perceptions and opinions. We see that this is one reason why everyone develops different viewpoints. We also discover that some fields like math and art do not endow knowledge to us using the opinions of experts but the logic and the reason. This is because we believe that not only the opinions but also the emotions can be factors confusing the experts in the process of searching for the knowledge. In addition, we realize that some experts rather refuse to be involved with opinions and emotions. We also linked culture as a part of impact like opinions and emotions. To conclude, experts opinions should be viewed as guidance but we should not forget that they are expert opinions, namely they have some influence carrying from culture and other sources.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Informed Consent Essay -- Medical Consent

Informed consent is the basis for all legal and moral aspects of a patient’s autonomy. Implied consent is when you and your physician interact in which the consent is assumed, such as in a physical exam by your doctor. Written consent is a more extensive form in which it mostly applies when there is testing or experiments involved over a period of time. The long process is making sure the patient properly understands the risk and benefits that could possible happen during and after the treatment. As a physician, he must respect the patient’s autonomy. For a patient to be an autonomous agent, he must have legitimate moral values. The patient has all the rights to his medical health and conditions that arise. When considering informed consent, the patient must be aware and should be able to give a voluntary consent for the treatment and testing without being coerced, even if coercion is very little. Being coerced into giving consent is not voluntary because others people’s opinions account for part of his decision. Prisoners and the poor population are two areas where coercion is found the most when giving consent. Terminally ill patients also give consent in hope of recovering from their illness. Although the possibilities are slim of having a successful recovery, they proceed with the research with the expectation of having a positive outcome. As stated by Raab, â€Å"informed consent process flows naturally from the ‘partnership’ between physician and patient† (Raab). Despite the fact that informed consent is supposed to educate the patients, it is now more of an avoidance of liability for physicians (Raab). Although the physician provides adequate information to his patient, how can he ensure that his patient properly ... ...nt." Neuropsychopharmacology 24.6 (2001): 595-607. Gert, Heather. "Avoiding Surprises: A Model for Informing Patients." The Hastings Center Reports 32.5 (2002): 23-32. Kuczewski, Mark, and Patricia Marshall. "The Decision Dynamics of Clinical Research: The Context and Process of Informed Consent." Supplement: Making Informed Consent Meaningful 40.9 (2002): 45-54. Moerman, Daniel. "Cultural Variations in the Placebo Effect: Ulcers, Anxiety, and Blood Pressure." Medical Anthropology Quarterly 14.1 (2000): 51-72. Nelson, Robert, and Jon Merz. "Voluntariness of Consent for Research: An Empirical and Conceptual Review." Medical Care 40.9 (2002): 69-80. Raab, Edward L. "The Parameters of Informed Consent." Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 102 (2004): 225-32. Rovner, Margaret, and Celia E. Wills. "Improving Informed Consent." Medical Care 40.9 (2002): 30-38.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Fundamental of portfolio management

The equity risk premium is the excess return required by investors to compensate risks of holding a stock rather than holding a â€Å"risk free† asset. Jason ,2011) Under the Capital Asset Pricing model: , risk free investments involve borrowing and lending among investors and borrowing positions offset by lending positions, therefore let Y = and representative investor's risk aversion be . (Bodied, Kane and Marcus, 2011). We rearrange this equation , indicating the equity risk premium is influenced by average risk aversion and variance of the market portfolio.It's obvious that when risk aversion of investors and variance of market portfolio increase the equity risk premium will goes up, and vice-versa. There are many empirical evidences show that during the Global Financial Crisis the volatilities of market increase, for example Chewer (AAA) have recognized the increase of volatilities in stock markets during financial crisis. Besides, according to the research of Steven, Mic hael and Bob (2011) derived from trades in options on the S&P/ASX 200 index showed that the implied volatility climb up during the SGF and reach the peak in 2009.The increase of stock market volatilities not only represent the increase of risks (Karol 2011 and Brooks 2001) but also have negative relationship with risk aversion. (Chewer 1989 and Carney 2000). There are some events can be summarized in mention of an increase in risk aversion, for example after the Lehman Brothers bankruptcy in September 2008 the stock market price hardly dropped and the bank lending dramatically decreased, consistent with this there was a overshooting of risk aversion. Paolo, John and Chairs,2011) In conclusion, during the SGF both average risk aversion and risks of market increased, therefore the equity risk premium went up. Part D The keenness in the distribution of returns has became important in asset pricing because the traditional mean-variance measurement cannot fully characterize return behavi ors (Samuelsson 1970,Campbell and Hence 1992;Circler and Huber 2007).This report will discusses the importance of keenness in returns in asset pricing with he respects of investors' preference for positive keenness and aversion to negative keenness, which asset pricing factors may be a proxy for keenness, the distinction between keenness and co-keenness in returns, and some researches include behavioral finance researches will be provided. What is keenness and why it's important Keenness is a measure of the asymmetry of probability distribution around its mean.Positive keenness has more probability distribution towards positive value, while negative keenness has more probability distribution towards negative value. The skewed distribution of asset returns was first point out by Dominant(1985), and it caused by the asymmetrical reactions of investors to goods news and bad news from companies. Chem.., Hong and Stein (2001) argued that there was another reason The main reason for the i ncreasing importance of keenness in returns is that the unrealistic assumptions of traditional mean-variance framework.The mean-variance measurement assumes the returns are normally distribute and quadratic preference, however it rarely happened in real word, therefore the insemination of expect returns and risks may exhibit. According to the finding of Roll(1977) and Ross( 1977) that the portfolio used as a market proxy is inefficient, the Sharper's CAMP have been suggested as invalid. It's also supported by Bernard and Allotted(2000) that the (unadjusted) mean-variance measurement Sharpe ratio can lead misleading conclusions.For overcoming this bias Parka's and Bear (1986) and Leland (1999) have developed performance measure incorporating keenness. Besides, Harvey and Suicide (2002) and Krause and Litterbug (1976) have recognized the importance of keenness that systematic keenness and conditional keenness are important to asset pricing since hey characterize the true distribution of asset returns. Furthermore, in traditional mean-variance framework such as Capital Asset Pricing Model there is only a single efficiency risky asset portfolio.While accounting for the mean-variance-keenness in returns, there are multiple efficient portfolios, which could be considered to provide diversification portfolios. (Harvey and Suicide,2000) Investor's preference for positive keenness and aversion to negative keenness The positive skewed distribution has a longer tail on the higher-return side of the curve, while the negative skewed distribution has a longer tail in the lower-return did.The asset with negative skewed returns distribution has greater risks that the returns will decrease than what the standard deviation measures, and for positive skewed distribution there are fewer risks the returns will decrease (Mini, 2011) Theoretically, investors have preference toward positive keenness and aversion toward negative keenness, since increasing positive keenness will decrea se possibility of large negative rate of returns.There are many literally evidences show the preference of positive keenness, for example in 1967 Aridity presented that rational investors with reasonable utility functions should prefer positive keenness in the distribution of investment returns†. Following Aridity (1976),Chinchilla et al. (1997) and Parka's et al. (2003) have recognized investors' preference for positive keenness as well. What's more, investors show their preference toward positive keenness in gambling, lotteries and entrepreneurship (Thomas, Jose and LU-Santos, 2009).Nevertheless, some investors exhibit preference for negative keenness in real life, here investor is not only represent individual but also economic agent. Prefer repertory investment is a an example of negative keenness preference, which with reasonable average yields but a small chance of heavy losses, to the opportunity of recouping the original cost(Maker, Nicholas, Dominic and Raymond additi on, economic agents facing a stream of stochastic monetary payoffs will show preference for negative keenness (Nazism, 2004).This also supported by Richard â€Å"economic agents may prefer negative keenness under some certain conditions† (Richard, 2010). From the research of Harvey and Suicide (2000) we can know that negative keenness receive higher return. In their research they assumed investors require payment for negative keenness, and excess returns could be result from the market inefficiency. The higher return of negative keenness may be a reason that in some circumstance investor will prefer negative keenness.Although investors expect the returns of asset exhibit positive skewed distribution, commonly the returns are negatively skewed distribution, since investors react to good news and bad news from corporations asymmetrically. It's explained by Dominant (1985) who first pointed out the skewed distribution of asset returns, and he reposed that the increase of stock p rice caused by good news is to some extent offset by the increase in the risk premium, which is required by higher volatility.For the decreased stock price caused by bad news is amplified further by the increased in the risk premium. Which asset pricing factors may act as a proxy for keenness The traditional mean-variance CAMP use beta to measure the systematic risks, and there are lots of studies suggest that the beta can't fully capture the systematic risks. Ban (1981) suggested market capitalization ,and Fame and French (1992) proposed kook- to-market ratio have relationship with the cross-section of stock returns(Chi- Hoist ,2006).There are many debates about whether asset pricing factors such as size and book-to market ratio may be acting as a proxy for keenness. The SMB factor measures the spread in asset returns between small and large size firms, and the HIM factor measures the spread asset returns between high book-to-market ratio and low book-to-market ration assets. In th e research of Harvey and Suicide(2000) they found that when adding keenness alone or Jointly with HIM and SMB to portfolios had similar results, therefore they lamed that book market ratio (HIM) and size (SMB) factors can be act as a proxy for keenness.Recently, Chunk Johnson and Shill (2007) also proposed that SMB and HIM are proxies for higher-order moments, and the Fame and French factors could be superior. However, there were some probabilities of errors in variables in their research. Conversely, Smith (2007) applied the condition three-model factor, which was proposed by Harvey and Suicide (2000), he argued that there was little impact on the price of market beta after adding the size(SMB) and the book-to-market(HIM) actors when the conditional keenness has already included in the model.The study of Jail(2004) showed that the conditional keenness plays an important role in stock market (HIM) factors. Even though there are many arguments about the extent those SMB and HIM asset s pricing factors act as a proxy for keenness, as least from the studies of Chunk Johnson and Shill (2007) and Jail (2004) we can conclude that the SMB and HIM those non-market factors can't completely act as a proxy for keenness.Distinction between keenness and co-keenness in returns Keenness is a measure of the asymmetry of probability distribution around its mean or a single asset, while co-keenness measures the symmetry of a variable's probability distribution in relation to another variable's probability distribution symmetry, which provide estimation of risks of assets connect to market risks. Theoretically, investors show their preference towards positive conciseness that present the asset has higher possibility of extreme positive returns than market returns.Thus, jocoseness also plays an important role in asset pricing, and there are many studies support it. The studies of Harvey and Suicides (2000), Smith (2005) and Errand and Sys (2005) provided evidence that the conditio nal jocoseness can help explain the cross-section of stock returns. Baron-Ideas (1985) and Limit (1989) suggested the pricing of jocoseness. Moreover, jocoseness extends capital asset pricing theory to some extent.The study by Krause and Litterbug provided the evidence that jocoseness can be regarded as a supplement to the covariance measurement of risks in explaining the returns on individual NYSE stocks and in the process to interpret the other discrepancies between returns, and the returns when take the NYSE stocks on the whole. Conclusion In conclusion, keenness in returns plays an important role in asset pricing, and there are many researches can provide evidence for it. For example, the studies conducted by Campbell and Hence (1992) and Harvey and Suicide (2000).

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Rotary Engine Essay Example

Rotary Engine Essay Example Rotary Engine Essay Rotary Engine Essay Svetlozar Simeonov 09/25/11 Wankel Rotary Engine – Huge Power in a Small Box According to Philip’s Encyclopedia Wankel rotary engine or just Wankel engine is â€Å"Internal combustion engine with rotors instead of pistons. † That not so popular engine is actually about two times lighter than a four cylinder piston engine, the one that we all have in our cars, for the same power output. It also has four times less moving parts. Much simpler, much lighter, much smaller it has numerous advantages over a conventional piston engine. One of the most simple and clear explanation of how the Wankel engine works oppose to piston engine comes from Time magazine: â€Å"Instead of converting up-and-down piston motion into wheel-driving circular energy through a series of complex linkages- the way a standard engine works- the Wankel rotors spin continuously and thus provide the proper torque to move a cars wheels directly. † (Time Aug 14 1972). It has four times less moving parts versus four cylinder engine. Therefore, Wankel engines â€Å"are smaller, peppier and potentially cheaper to build than conventional reciprocating models, and have only six major points of wear, v. 00 in a conventional engine† (Time Aug 14 1972). The Wankel engine was reviled in 1956 by its engineer Felix Wankel (The Columbia Encyclopedia – internal-combustion engine). The first mass production car powered by Wankel engine was released in 1967 by the Japanese manufacture Mazda. It was a reference design, twin –rotor 9 82cc, outputting 110 hp. That made the 2000 pounds Cosmo model pretty zippy. Mazda quickly introduced 2 more models in 1970 and with prices significantly lower than its competition Mazda’s success rapidly increased. Seeing the growing interest, 2 of the largest automobile manufactures in the world– General Motors and Mercedes-Benz – purchased license to produce vehicle with this technology. General Motors even had a Corvette on the way, when the 1973 oil crisis changed everything over. The Wankel engine at the time was less fuel efficient, so the sales suddenly dropped down so low that Mazda was a step away from bankrupt. They changed their strategy and rotary cars became a special line, instead of mainstream. Then and now, Mazda is the only manufacture to truly stand by this technology. It improved it radically in terms of output and fuel efficiency. Their last generation engine, called Renesis, used since 2003 in RX-8, has the same output like the previous generation 250hps, red line topping at 10 000 rpms. However, it is naturally aspirated, where the previous one was twin-turbo charged. The Renesis is also 25% more efficient. Sadly it wasn’t enough, and the RX-8 was discontinued in August 2011, with no successor announced. With the slow pace of its evolution, I hope we can see the next generation at the end of this decade. Mazda and the Wankel engine have won many awards and races. The most prestige one is the success in 1991 in the annual â€Å"24 hours of Le Mans†, leaving behind drivers and teams with traditions like Mercedes, Jaguar and the frequent winner Porsche. The four-rotor engine outputting 700 hp lead the team first to the finish, regardless their start position – 55. As William Welch states, in his recent publication in USA Today, â€Å"the only Japanese car and only non-piston engined car to win the grueling French race† (William M. Welch, USA Today 08/23/2011). â€Å"Sanctioning bodies outlawed the engine after the win at Le Mans† and close the history of Wankel powered cars at this scramble (William M. Welch, USA Today 08/23/2011). That win however, confirmed the Wankel reputation of power and durability. Even though the Renesis was a big step forward, it was still a step behind the longer lived piston engine in terms of fuel economy. That was its only drawback, but enough to turn a lot of people away. Not so many had the chance to experience the fun side of this fast revving motor. Fossil fuels, like gasoline, are fated to become extremely rear and expensive and it looks like Mazda engineers are getting prepared for this scenario. In interview for Reuters news agency from 2007 Mazda executive Nobuhiro Hayama revealed their new strategy: â€Å"Researchers at Japanese carmaker Mazda think cars will in future run on water component – hydrogen. †¦the advantage hydrogen fuel was that it could be used in internal combustion engines. However †¦ there is a risk of abnormal combustion. This could be solved by using rotary engines† (Tokyo Reuters Oct 22 2007). That means that a slightly modified RX-8 could reborn and satisfy the need of cheaper run and exciting pull, equipped with â€Å"two fuel tanks, though† (Tokyo Reuters Oct 22 2007). We would expect the price to remain the same, since no direct modification to the engine is needed, and the car has paid of its investments already. It looks like a bright future for the Wankel. Removed paragraphs Taking in consideration the minimum moving parts of the Wankel engine, the aerocraft industry quickly realized its lifesaving advantage. In case of internal engine damage the engine would not fail right away. It will continue delivering power that will decrease with time. Its weight and size made it preferable for many small plane manufactures. It let the engineers improve aero dynamics of the plane nose, due to the smaller engine. The first complete Wankel engine was reviled in 1956 by its engineer Felix Wankel (The Columbia Encyclopedia – internal-combustion engine). Since then, the engine received many improvements. The main contributor is the Japanese manufacture Mazda that started a line of sport cars with Wankel engines in mid-1960. The first model, named Cosmo, had a good success and two more models were released in 1970. Seeing the potential in this relatively new technology, a few more automobile manufactures build their own sport car prototypes including Mercedes-Benz and General Motors. The second had a prototype of the legendary Corvette. As every invention, this one also has disadvantage – fuel efficiency. Hit by the first oil crisis in 1973, all manufactures except Mazda canceled their plans for a production Wankel powered car. Even more Mazda almost bankrupted, since they completely had abandoned reciprocating (piston) engines. Today Mazda is the only one to mass produce Wankel engine cars, and it has made huge, but slow progress in this field. The last generation named RX-8 had achieved better output with lower fuel consumption – huge step forward from the previous RX-7.

Monday, October 21, 2019

buy custom Cigarette Buyers Responsibilities essay

buy custom Cigarette Buyers Responsibilities essay In the past, adverts meant to market cigarettes were mounted all over the streets and buyers of the product increased in large numbers following the marketing strategy. Today, people have become increasingly aware of the dangers of cigarette smoking such as lung cancer, heart attacks and emphysema. In many states, smoking is now banned in almost all public places and cigarette companies no longer openly advertise their products on TV, radio and newsprints or magazines (Buhrandt, 2011). Governments have taken strict measures in limiting cigarette advertisements through mass media by ensuring that the products contain well displayed warnings on the packages. A number of health organizations have been able to carry out comprehensive campaigns which have increased public awareness about the dangerous effects of tobacco smoking (Atik, 2011). This paper argues on the prompt that increasing public awareness about the harmful effects of cigarette smoking can make the buyers more responsible consumers. Pros of Anti-smoking Campaign Efforts Improves the quality of lives There are many potential benefits of increasing public awareness about consumer issues regarding tobacco smoking. For instance, increasing awareness of the dangers of smoking among tobacco smokers helps in improving the quality of their lives as they will be able to make informed decisions thus making them to be responsible buyers. Campaigns to increase awareness about the harmful effects of compounds found in tobacco are meant to reduce deaths caused by diseases such as lung cancers. Taking into account the medical care costs and the rising expenditures on the social security funds, proper tobacco control policies are important and should be enhanced. Reducing smoking in the young population improves the workforce of a population by decreasing tobacco related illness (Atik, 2011). Reduced smoking helps individual save expenses from buying cigarettes and instead perchance other goods and services that will also help in improving the health of individuals and boosting the economies of states (Sherwood, 2011). However, researchers have shown that even if stronger anti-smoking efforts are made by governments to completely curb smoking habits, this will have minimal effects on large sectors of the economy including the retail and hospitality industries, nonprofit organizations, and state governments, and on medical care expenditures and Social security (Bearman, 2011, p.407). While this claim has been contradicts efforts made by policy makers to reduce cigarette smoking, more research has to be done to justify the assertion. Improved Economies Critics such as Peter Bearman totally agree that strategies meant to reduce tobacco smoking will lead to improved economies. According to Bearman, tobacco accounts for a small share of the retail sales, taxes paid and donations given as compared to the drop of costs related to illness resulting from usage of tobacco (Bearman, 2011, p.407). In the 1990s, the government and federal attitudes shifted tremendously on the issues of tobacco. Today, there has been recognition that the addiction to nicotine has increaed due to the intentional manipulation of the levels of nicotine in tobacco plant meant to keep more and more people get hooked (tobacco.neu.edu, n.d). Genetically modifying tobacco plant so as to contain increased levels of nicotine makes more individuals to easily get hooked to smoking which in turn leads to improved sales of cigarettes. What used to be a freely chosen behavior has now become a place that the government has to invest much time and put in place strict measures to control the industry. Over time, the government has incurred high economic costs in its financial programs in covering expenses due to increased disease burden due to cigarette smoking. The increased cases of smoking-related illnesses have led to state governments to revise its previous assumptions about the economic benefits of tobacco industry beyond the income gains (Schneider, 2011, p.243). It is critical for state governments to take cost-benefit analysis on cigarette industry before making policies which will impact the health and economies of smokers. Reduced Cost of Medical Care and General Living Expenses Smoke free environments have been found to offer economic benefits in terms of reducing costs which could be used in covering direct medical and insurance charges. Insurance cost relating to smoking effects includes health, fire and accident and life insurance. Smoke free environment ensures an increased productivity among those who quit smoking and among the non-smoker as they are less likely to be exposed to secondary smoking, this saves employees time as there is reduced chances of absenteeism. There are reduced hiring costs in enterprises and most industries as less labor is lost to tobacco related illness (WHO, 2011.p.11). Fires being started due to careless disposal of cigarettes are minimized hence reducing the chances of losing land and property to fires. In Scotland, the government is able to save up to 0.515% to 0.77% of the GDP. In the U.S, Occupation Health and Safety approximates an increase of up to 3% in productivity as a result of clean environment that is free from N arcotics (WHO, 2011.p.12). Cigarette smoking has a high economic cost for the society. The healthcare system is the most affected in terms of the costs incurred by the government in treating diseases caused by smoking which are quite costly. The U.S uses up to $76 billion per year and the U.K uses up to $2.25 billion in medicare only. Smoking has also other costs such as occupying fertile agricultural land that could instead be used to grow food for people who currently do not have enough (Mason, 2009, p.39). Careless smoking has been top in the list as one of the causes of fires which incredibly lead to damaged buildings and landscapes worldwide. Thrown away cigarettes are known to be the start of most vast fires which claims a number of lives and destruction of property worth billions of dollars. Cigarette butts contribute greatly to sand beach pollution along the coast. The butts take over ten years to rot and end up in water destroying wildlife and make swimming unpleasant (Maso n, 2009, p.39). Therefore, increasing consumer awareness about the dangers of tobacco smoking will build more responsible buyers as they will understand the costs of their consumptions. Cons of Anti-smoking Efforts Prevention of Some Illnesses and General Health Benefits The issue on cigarettes smoking has been on the headlines for many years. Since cigarette smoking is considered to cause cancer alongside a host of many other diseases, smoking has greatly been prohibited in public places. However, the smokers have always clung to their tobacco smoking habits as usual. This poses a big question as to whether smoking is really bad and if there exists benefits of smoking despite the well-known allegations of its negative effects on peoples health (Stacey Behrman, 2008.p.106). Die hard cigarette smokers claim many benefits to smoking such as peer group acceptance to smoking groups, effective weight loss aid, and increased task performance as concentration is enhanced. Smoking is believed to bring relief as well as the enjoyment from its taste which smokers get during smoking (Diaz, 2008). Another benefit of cigarette smoking which has been argued out is that tobacco may improve an individuals information processing due to the presence of nicotine. At t he same time, there are claims that smoking helps the body resists various diseases such having protective effect for Parkinsons disease. Tobacco assists in preventing atopic disorders as children whose parents have a history of smoking have lower odds for suffering from allergic rhino conjunctivitis, allergic asthma and atopic eczema (Rauscher, 2007). It is not easy to find anywhere in the media information about positive effects of cigarette smoking as most authorities have dedicated all their resources in eradicating smoking from the society overlooking the possibilities that there may be some advantages being left out. However, despite the reality that cigarette smoking is dangerous to an individuals health, scientific evidence presented by Sherman (2011) argues that carbon monoxide which is a byproduct of tobacco may help heart attack and stroke victims. Carbon monoxide inhibits blood clotting hence dissolving harmful clots in the arteries (Sherman, 2011). Despite these scienti fic claims that are yet to be proved in the long run, cigarette smoking poses many health risks to the smokers that cannot be subsidized by the few unsupported claims that there exists benefits in cigarette smoking. The primary effects of smoking are the health complications that come with the behavior. Economic costs brought to the society by cigarette smoking are burdensome to any economy. Most of the benefits perceived are based on the assumption from the gross benefits and not net value of the income to the economy. Considering the number of billions that goes to medicare as a result of smoking cigarettes, it is then better to embrace the strict policies being put in place by governments and other organizations to help eradicate smoking. Despite the industry having slight effect on the economy when considering the number of people employed, the aftermaths of smoking need to be considered and strict policies be introduced aimed at making tobacco consumers more aware of the dangers of smoking. This is when a government takes into account the wellbeing of its people and the importance of having a healthy population. Buy custom Cigarette Buyers Responsibilities essay

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Cinematography and Lighting in the Shawshank Redemption Essays

Cinematography and Lighting in the Shawshank Redemption Essays Cinematography and Lighting in the Shawshank Redemption Paper Cinematography and Lighting in the Shawshank Redemption Paper Essay Topic: The Shawshank Redemption The Shawano Redemption Is a 1994 motion picture adapted and directed by Frank Dartboard from a short story by Stephen King. This film is in the classical style combining elements of both formalism and realism. It also combines elements of the dramatic, escapist (prison break), and romantic genres. The films symbolism is made apparent through the use of many techniques and elements, but the cinematography and lighting effects have especially Important roles to play In this film. This paper will endeavor to illustrate a few of the ways that The Shawano Redemptions cinematography and lighting help to make the film into cinematic art. Classical Cinema Frank Dartboard and Roger Deckles (the films cinematographer) have made a truly beautiful classical film. Classical film, of course, being a combination of realistic and formalistic styles gives us the best of both worlds. In The Shawano Redemption, the use of long takes (realism), closes ups, and slow zooms (formalism) toward the characters make the story intimate enough to affect the audience. One of the most tricking uses of formalism in the film takes place when the sisters attack Andy for the first time. In that sequence, the characters are shot in silhouette. This effectively makes the attackers inhuman. And the use of silhouette is repeated throughout the film. During the first night that Andy spends In Shawano the guards savagely beat a crying prisoner. As they drag him from his cell, the guards are In silhouette. It Is also interesting to note that we rarely see the guards eyes. They are usually hidden by the rim of their hats. It is also important to note that the guards are often seen in roofs of three or more and that they are shot from low angles for much of the film to give the Impression that they are powerful. Conversely, the prisoners are often shot from high angles, sometimes even birds eye views, to convey their powerlessness. It is only when the prisoners speak to each other that we are on eye level with them. And it Is with the prisoners that most of the realistic aspects of the film are noted. The takes with the prisoners are longer and the supporting actors (prisoners) are often seen in three- or two- shots. It is primarily Andy and Red who re shot in close-ups and alone to emphasize how different they are from the other prisoners. Genre Styling This film also combines cinematic and lighting styles from several genres. These Include (but are by no means Limited to) dramatic narrative, escapist or prison break films, and, oddly enough, romances. The lighting in this film, as in any film, is extremely important. What is amazing is how unobtrusive and unnoticed the lighting Is until the filmmakers want to make a statement with It. For example, this films exterior shots were done at Mansfield State Reformatory In Ohio (from the films credits). Obviously there will be some natural light in these shots. But even with 1 OFF sunny sales, ten prisoners still KICK radar Ana colorless. Part AT tens Is Owe to ten Ole/ grey costuming and makeup design, but a large part of it is also due to the fact that the prisoners are always shot from the shadow side of their faces. They are never shown with the sun beaming directly down on their faces until Andy plays the aria for them. In that shot, the camera sweeps over the heads of the prisoners as they stand looking up at the speakers and the sun finally hits them fully as Red explains that, Just for a moment, they all felt like free men. Low key lighting is used heavily throughout the film. This plays into the dramatic narrative genre and creates a visual cue to the internal conflict that the films characters are experiencing. But another interesting genre style used is from the escapist genre. When Andy first enters Shawano, he walks through a huge stone archway. As he does this, the camera pans up the stone from the entrance all the way to the top of the building. The prison effectively swallows Andy. Another example of this genre is the way that the cinematographer and director have framed the shots in the prison yard. Even when Andy and Red sit atop the bleachers, they can never see over the stone walls. They are trapped, imprisoned, and so too are we, the viewers. There is nothing besides Shawano. No outside world at all. To emphasize this, all the windows that the prisoners could look out of (the library, the cafeteria, etc ) are dirty and although they let light in, we never get to actually see through their opaque layers. As for the romantic genre, one of its conventions is to use warm colors and gels to highlight a character and give clues to their internal states. The filmmakers take special pains to o that with Andy because Tim Robbins plays him from a very internal and self- contained point of view. Throughout the film Andy is seen bathed in reddish light. This starts at the very opening when Andy sits in his car illuminated by the harsh red light from the radio. That harsh red (anger, passion, hatred) is softened considerably when Andy enters Shawano. Suddenly the light conveys to us that Andy is a romantic character. He is the only one who chooses to cling to hope on the inside. Even after he was wrongfully convicted of murder he manages to remain a quiet, passionate, and thoughtful man in the face of prison life. The use of red for Andy is an amazingly appropriate choice to have been made in this kind of film. Symbolism And now comes my very favorite part of the paper: symbolism! And let me tell you, ambiguous other, this movie is chock full of it! One of the first motifs to become apparent to me was shoes. There are numerous shots of shoes as both the prisoners and the guards walk. When Brooks hangs himself, we see his shoes as he steps onto the table, and then we see his feet dance when he knocks the table over. Of course, all these shoes have been carefully placed into our subconscious because when Andy escapes, he takes the Wardens shiny shoes with him. Another symbolic motif in the film is the use of chess as a metaphor. Andy requests his rock hammer to make chess pieces of alabaster and onyx. In most of the prison yard shots, Andy is framed by grey stone in the background and Red is framed by red stone. This makes them both players on an invisible chess board. But it is interesting to note that in the third act of the film, when Andy gains the upper hand and the internal states of the men shift, Andy begins to be seen against red stone and Red against grey. Also, there is a shot f the chess board in front of the poster in Antas cell. If you look past this symbolic placement, you will see that the white bishop is missing from the set. One could tenderly t at n tens mammals Dollops could represent ten way Tanat ten unapologetically religious Warden will be eliminated by the end of the film. In any case, the filmmakers do a beautiful Job of setting up this real life chess game with Andy being the only real player and everyone else being a pawn. The last motif I saw is actually a prison break motif. The Count of Monte Crisis is referenced in the film and is even offered to as a book about a prison break. In the film, Just as in the book, a prisoner tunnels his way through rock to gain freedom and ultimately finds treasure in the outside world both monetarily and by taking revenge on his captors. Another way that the prison break motif is represented is by the placement of the rock hammer in the chapter of the Bible called Exodus. This chapter has to do with the Israelites escaping from Pharaoh and finding their promised land, Just as Andy finds his in Mexico. And I simply cant end this paper without mentioning the opera aria that Andy plays. It is Soul Aria, a detention between Susann and the Countess in Mozart The Marriage of Figaro. Soul Aria translates as to Romeo. This aria takes place in the operas third act and depicts Susann (the Countesss maid) and the Countess herself as they plot revenge against the Count who keeps making advances toward the already engaged Susann. I believe that this song was used for several reasons. Firstly, this is a classical piece with romantic overtones. As Andy is shown as a romantic character, even his choosing of this song reinforces this portrayal, this Eng is clearly appropriate. Also, it is a song of cunning and of laying the grounds for an escape from oppression as Susann will never have to ward of the Count again if their plan works. This makes the arias inclusion even more meaningful to the overall film and Antas character. Conclusion In conclusion, this paper has sought to show the ways in which cinematography and lighting can contribute to a films style, genre, and symbolism. The Shawano Redemption is a wonderful representation of both classicism and the ways that a well made film can affect you long after the credits have rolled.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

AU-C 315 project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AU-C 315 project - Assignment Example Indeed, ExxonMobil Company focuses on refining and supply of fuels, lubricants, and other petroleum products through integrated, reliable, and efficient means. To achieve these objectives, the company adopts fundamental strategies that include developing its labor force at all levels across the globe. The company maximizes its profitability, identifies, and pursues all attractive perforations opportunities as well as investing in projects with superior returns and low cost. Indeed, the company’s strategy is to invest in new exploration, unconventional resource, expansions, and discoveries. ExxonMobil also seeks to offer high quality products and service to customers in an efficient and effective manner. The company guarantees maximum value to all its stakeholders including customers, employees, and shareholders. Nevertheless, in pursuing its business objectives through the defined strategies, ExxonMobil faces significant risks. The company requires executives who can execute its mandate in the uncertain and volatile oil industry (Thunderbird School of Global Management, 2015). The rise of resource nationalism, reduced oil prices, and increased instability in many oil-rich countries pose a great business risk to the company (Crooks, 2015). The company also faces a risk in i dentifying business opportunities with high uncertainty but high returns on investment. Exxon Mobil Corporation. (2015). Operations Integrity Management System. Retrieved from

Friday, October 18, 2019

The effect of visual obstructions on the sexual behaviour of guppies Essay

The effect of visual obstructions on the sexual behaviour of guppies - Essay Example Therefore, in order to gain a better understanding of the evolution of specific, elaborate secondary sexual characteristics, it is important to study the ecological factors and behavioral mechanisms that may influence the outcome of sexual selection. These changes may therefore affect the evolutionary outcome of sexual selection. This paper summarizes the published article by Hibler and Houde entitled â€Å"The effect of visual obstructions on the sexual behavior of guppies: the importance of privacy†. The research team examined the effect of habitat structure on the sexual behavior of male and female guppies, Poecilia reticulata. The team tested whether the ability of males to observe the courtship activities of other males affects the frequency of courtship interference by male guppies, and whether this in turn affects the sexual behavior of virgin females interacting with these males. They tested these predictions by manipulating the structure of guppy habitats in the laboratory using opaque barriers and observing the effect of such visual obstructions on male courtship and interference behavior, as well as on female sexual responsiveness to male displays in experimental groups of guppies. The results of the experiments were scored and the interference behaviors as either ‘fend-offs’ or ‘chases’. Data for male groups that were tested with both virgin and non-virgin females were analyzed using ANOVA to determine the effect of both treatment and reproductive status (virgin versus non-virgin) on male display and interference behaviors with male group as a blocking factor. For trials involving non-virgin females, ANOVAs containing an order effect were also carried out for chases, fend-offs and displays. The results of this study support the original predictions made by the study group that visual obstructions reduce male interference behavior and increase female responsiveness

Movie review-Why We Fight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Movie review-Why We Fight - Essay Example of government must guard against the acquisition of influences that are unwarranted, whether asked or not asked by the industrial complex of the military. The capability of the disastrous rise of power that is misplaced exists and will always be there. The movie ‘Why We Fight’ is directed by Eugene Jarecki. It is a documentary movie of 2005 and it is about the military-industrial complex. The movie’s title refers to the World War II era that was commissioned by the U.S. Government so as to justify why they entered the war which was against the Axis Powers. In the movie, Eugene looks as to the reason why young people of America are sent to war. The movie also conveys the message that there is a change in portrayal of American war interference since World War II. It shows that America currently engages in good wars unlike in the past where there was military adventurism. It is in the interest of America’s self-serving corporate that there are more operations of wars. Being occupied with technologies of the military and actions are common American psyche features but the film focuses on anti-war efforts (Rollins, et al. 53). The movie follows a father who is still grieving after four years after the death of his son in New York on 9/11/2001. To any caring parent, a son’s death is normally an impactful and anger is a reaction that’s understandable. In the movie, the story line revolves around the father’s anger that shifts from those seen responsible for the attacks to those in high political offices who are responsible of manipulating the initial anger in support of war. The sentiments of the father later becomes far more noble. Being aware of the agony of losing a son, he can never wish it to an innocent person no matter how they are divided by the culture, geography or class. As mentioned in the movie, the attacks on 9/11/2001 were largely part a response to initial U.S. aggression to the Muslim-dominated Middle East and the Third World as a whole.

Leadership and Cross Culture Management Article - 1

Leadership and Cross Culture Management - Article Example They developed several qualities of leadership to cope up with the changing working environment of foreign countries (Regent University, 2011). Honda, the largest Japanese based manufacturers of two-wheelers has been a successful name in the global automobile industry. Due to their leadership ability, they are so successful across the globe. The subsidiary of Honda Motor in India is named Honda Motorcycles and Scooters India Ltd (HMSI). It came to India in 1999. They believe in teamwork and excellent leadership aspects are the reasons for their success. Though they are globally successful for their products and services but the management of HMSI is not at all concerned regarding the workers and other employees of the organization. They are found to be illtreating and misbehaving with the workers. They are continuously harassing and embarrassing many of the working personnel in the organization. Towards the female employees, their behavior is not healthy. A few female employees left their jobs due to intolerable behavior from the Vice President of the company. HMSI managers are using negative leadership qualities just to embarrass the employees instead motivating and influencing them in their work (Labour File, n.d.). The higher managerial personnel of HMSI should develop the qualitative behavior and good etiquette while treating both male and female workers. This will help them to be a leader in the global environment. All kinds of interpersonal, informational and decisional roles can be developed by the managers of HMSI to motivate and influence the employees and workers of the organization. As a leader, they can create the good working relationship with the people because human resources are the assets of the organization. The leadership qualities should be utilized for the superior purpose of the employees rather destroy it.

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Corporate social responsibilty Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corporate social responsibilty - Assignment Example The program towards social responsibility would include higher job creation and greater products through market action (Steiner, 2009, Chapter 5). The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, for instance, is built to source the fortune of Microsoft towards improving education and helping poor people suffering from neglected diseases (Steiner, chapter 6).Likewise, Ski-in Inc. has plans of having an annual donation scheme for two orphanages in one of the developing countries of Africa. The social costs or the negative externalities on the society are to be minimized through environmental friendly products. A new section of apparels would be launched that would be bio-degradable. Moreover, ways to recompense the pollution and harm inflicted by the production process are in progress. For every bio-degradable apparel sold, Ski-in will plant one tree. Since, our products have a considerably good market; this program is going to benefit our organization and also the environment. However, the mai n function of the corporate is not social charity but profitability. Nevertheless, involving in controversies like that of Nike with respect to its labor practices and social duties and General Electric Company under CEO Jack Welch need to be avoided (Steiner, 2009, chapter 6). Hence, the idea is to make innovations and create profits through environmental protection and social enhancement. Greater production would create jobs in the society and help reduce unemployment. It would also generate higher corporate taxes that would benefit the society. Pumping in more products would serve the consumers and give them greater satisfaction. Thus, the utility of the consumers would increase. Also planting trees would help in the reduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and hence help to curb global warming. However, these programs would take time to materialize and incur costs both in

The Self Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Self Paper - Essay Example These may be positive or negative. For example, a girl who believes that she is fat may avoid the reassurances for her friends, which suggest otherwise. However, a student who believes that he is smart may continue to believe the same after looking his transcript, which shows a C grade. Rogers labeled this difference between reality and self-concept as â€Å"incongruence†. Important here to note is that everybody has some degree of incongruence but what really matters is â€Å"how much† (Weiten, 2008). Rogers also believed that the congruence or incongruence has a direct linkage with the childhood experiences of the person. Quite understandably, people and especially children are hungry for love, attention, and affection. During their childhood, parents and guardians are responsible for the same (Weiten, 2008). Rogers argue that parents that provide unconditional love to their children are at the same time fostering congruence; however, parents that make their love cond itional, find great disparities between the self-concept and actual experiences of their children, in other words fostering incongruence. This is true because when the love of the parents appears to be conditional for the children, they are more likely to block unfavorable experiences so that they could reassure themselves that they are worthy of love. On the other hand, children getting unconditional love would develop a sense of security and confidence in them, which would them to face the experiences and their reality in a better way (Baumeister, 1999). Development of the concept of self has two important aspects. First is the existential self which refers to â€Å"the most basic part of the self-scheme or self-concept; the sense of being separate and distinct from others and the awareness of the constancy of the self† (Baumeister, 1999; (Weiten, 2008). During his early days, a young child realizes that he exists as a separate entity in time and space like everything else does. When he feels the touch of someone else or sees objecting moving due to his force, this is when he gains an understanding of his own existence, which is different from that of others. Second aspect of self is the categorical self, which develops when the child grasps an understanding of the fact that he or she is not a separate entity but at the time is an object like many other objects present in the surrounding. This allows the child to realize that like other objects he or she also has certain properties and characteristics that define him and are an important part or his or her existence. â€Å"I am tall†, â€Å"I am a girl†, â€Å"I am 3† and others. With the passage of time, these characteristics and properties which people apply to themselves become more complex and internal concerning psychological traits, comparative evaluations and others (Weiten, 2008). The relationship between self and emotions is an important one, which also leads to the under standing of self-esteem. Emotions refer to the experiences of an individual’s state of mind and how an individual thinks or feels goes on to determines his self worth or self-esteem (Powell, 2005). Self Esteem refers to the extent to which one values him or herself, the perceived worth and the degree to which he or she approves or accepts his or her existence. Higher self-esteem would refer to a positive view of self which would ultimately lead to optimism, confidence,

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Leadership and Cross Culture Management Article - 1

Leadership and Cross Culture Management - Article Example They developed several qualities of leadership to cope up with the changing working environment of foreign countries (Regent University, 2011). Honda, the largest Japanese based manufacturers of two-wheelers has been a successful name in the global automobile industry. Due to their leadership ability, they are so successful across the globe. The subsidiary of Honda Motor in India is named Honda Motorcycles and Scooters India Ltd (HMSI). It came to India in 1999. They believe in teamwork and excellent leadership aspects are the reasons for their success. Though they are globally successful for their products and services but the management of HMSI is not at all concerned regarding the workers and other employees of the organization. They are found to be illtreating and misbehaving with the workers. They are continuously harassing and embarrassing many of the working personnel in the organization. Towards the female employees, their behavior is not healthy. A few female employees left their jobs due to intolerable behavior from the Vice President of the company. HMSI managers are using negative leadership qualities just to embarrass the employees instead motivating and influencing them in their work (Labour File, n.d.). The higher managerial personnel of HMSI should develop the qualitative behavior and good etiquette while treating both male and female workers. This will help them to be a leader in the global environment. All kinds of interpersonal, informational and decisional roles can be developed by the managers of HMSI to motivate and influence the employees and workers of the organization. As a leader, they can create the good working relationship with the people because human resources are the assets of the organization. The leadership qualities should be utilized for the superior purpose of the employees rather destroy it.

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

The Self Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Self Paper - Essay Example These may be positive or negative. For example, a girl who believes that she is fat may avoid the reassurances for her friends, which suggest otherwise. However, a student who believes that he is smart may continue to believe the same after looking his transcript, which shows a C grade. Rogers labeled this difference between reality and self-concept as â€Å"incongruence†. Important here to note is that everybody has some degree of incongruence but what really matters is â€Å"how much† (Weiten, 2008). Rogers also believed that the congruence or incongruence has a direct linkage with the childhood experiences of the person. Quite understandably, people and especially children are hungry for love, attention, and affection. During their childhood, parents and guardians are responsible for the same (Weiten, 2008). Rogers argue that parents that provide unconditional love to their children are at the same time fostering congruence; however, parents that make their love cond itional, find great disparities between the self-concept and actual experiences of their children, in other words fostering incongruence. This is true because when the love of the parents appears to be conditional for the children, they are more likely to block unfavorable experiences so that they could reassure themselves that they are worthy of love. On the other hand, children getting unconditional love would develop a sense of security and confidence in them, which would them to face the experiences and their reality in a better way (Baumeister, 1999). Development of the concept of self has two important aspects. First is the existential self which refers to â€Å"the most basic part of the self-scheme or self-concept; the sense of being separate and distinct from others and the awareness of the constancy of the self† (Baumeister, 1999; (Weiten, 2008). During his early days, a young child realizes that he exists as a separate entity in time and space like everything else does. When he feels the touch of someone else or sees objecting moving due to his force, this is when he gains an understanding of his own existence, which is different from that of others. Second aspect of self is the categorical self, which develops when the child grasps an understanding of the fact that he or she is not a separate entity but at the time is an object like many other objects present in the surrounding. This allows the child to realize that like other objects he or she also has certain properties and characteristics that define him and are an important part or his or her existence. â€Å"I am tall†, â€Å"I am a girl†, â€Å"I am 3† and others. With the passage of time, these characteristics and properties which people apply to themselves become more complex and internal concerning psychological traits, comparative evaluations and others (Weiten, 2008). The relationship between self and emotions is an important one, which also leads to the under standing of self-esteem. Emotions refer to the experiences of an individual’s state of mind and how an individual thinks or feels goes on to determines his self worth or self-esteem (Powell, 2005). Self Esteem refers to the extent to which one values him or herself, the perceived worth and the degree to which he or she approves or accepts his or her existence. Higher self-esteem would refer to a positive view of self which would ultimately lead to optimism, confidence,

Going Green Essay Example for Free

Going Green Essay Our environment is getting worse day by day. It’s getting harder and harder for our families to stay healthy with all the bad things we are around every day. We are affected by our environment, and more people are getting sicker and sicker. This could affect our families and our future one day. The government has been making solutions to solve this problem in the environment. Going â€Å"green† is budding into a national phenomenon, where clothing shops are bagging your organic t-shirts into biodegradable shopping bags. This becomes effective in various provinces in the Philippines. One example is the Tagaytay City. They are now against the use of plastics. Since the environment has been polluted due to the continuous burning of non-biodegradable materials, the use of plastics has been avoided. They have produced eco-bags that will be used by the consumers instead of the ordinary plastic bags used during the previous times. This rule has been implemented in different places and soon, the country will really be â€Å"NO TO PLASTIC!† With that, we can really say that it’s more fun in the Philippines! There can be a solution in helping our environment become better. We can all save the Mother Earth. If we reach out to people who dont care about our environment, we could change their point of view of things. We could tell them how bad things are in our world and that could change what their prospective on things. Let us discipline them. Let us be participative as the world goes green. Read more:  Essay About Tourism in the Philippines

Monday, October 14, 2019

Nature of Globalisation

Nature of Globalisation Critically Consider The Nature Of Globalisation. In So Doing, Identify And Examine The Various Elements Associated With The Process Of Globalisation. It would be fair to say that globalisation had its beginnings just after the 2nd world war, in December 1945, when 15 countries entered discussions to end blind customs tariffs (World Trade Organisation). The aim of this move was to end the years or protectionism which had led up to WWII (World Trade Organisation). It was believed that the terrible economic status of countries after WWI led to WWII. It was thought that if countries trade and economies were more interlinked it would be possible to avoid war in the future (European Commission). This was the basis for creating the European Community (EC), where the aim was to create a common market economy. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was also created at about this time following a first round of negotiations. This step was a relatively small one as the agreement only affected 1/5 of the world trade (World Trade Organisation), however it was an important first step in trade liberalization. There were further discussions in an attempt to create the International Trade Organisation in conjunction with the Havana Charter; however this was not supported by the United States, spelling its end (World Trade Organisation). GATT was the only means of governing world trade until the creation of the World trade organisation. Although GATT was relatively limited in its powers, its reductions in tariffs and general trade liberalization helped to spur on world trade growth by 8% a year between 1950 and 1960 (World Trade Organisation). A good sign that this GATT was working was that trade growth continued to outpace production growth (World Trade Organisation). This means that countries were trading, not because they had a giant surplus of product but because the future benefits around economic growth were clear. However GATT was not without its problems, economic recessions between 1970-1980 caused Governments to use other methods to protect sectors facing increasing foreign investment (World Trade Organisation). With the closure of factories and an increase in unemployment, the governments of America and Western Europe set out to subsidise agriculture in order to maintain large trade (World Trade Organisation). This practice made it economically undesirable to export agricultural produce to these subsidise d countries as the price of the local goods was largely brought down by the government, meaning it would be very difficult to attract consumers to the same, more expensive product. This was effectively a barrier to world trade and would have been damaging to the GATT agreement. With increased globalisation, the limitations of the GATT started to be seen. The trade in services was not governed by the GATT, but it was increasing in importance to world economies. Loop holes were being exploited in The GATT agreements (World Trade Organisation), and this led world leaders to believe that there was a need for a more unilateral agreement. The World trade organisation was born and has become the unilateral trade governing body. The GATT was not the sole point of this global push, another organisation, The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), started in 1961, with the aim to ‘Supporting sustainable economic growth, boost employment, raise living standards, maintain financial stability, assist other countries economic development contribute to growth in world trade (Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development). These initiatives are a summary of the political will of the time which had such a driving force on globalisation. The speed of change has been facilitated by rapid technological change. Technological change has had a number of steps. The first satellite-delivered basic cable service was called the Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN); later The Family Channel was launched in 1977. From 1981 to 1985, the â€Å"big-dish† C-Band satellite market began to take off. System sales soared as hardware prices fell. The increased access that this brought around the globe allowed TV images to be transmitted to the world (Marples, 2008). This process allowed one nations culture and principles to be transmitted very quickly around the globe, therby changes in one country, typically the USA would influence changes elsewhere, where people perceived others to be living better. The demand for information and growth in telephonic communication led to a growth in the 1970s of the telecommunications network, with more ‘trunk lines linking major countries. This both facilitated and satisfied the growing need to communicate across countries (Webb Associates). IBM introduced the desktop personal computer (IBM PC) in 1981. This led to the explosive growth in the computer industry which facilitated the development of global supply chains, where computers linked together in a network could control the management of stock worldwide. The benefits of this were quickly recognised and required the infrastructure to support large data transmissions (Webb Associates). This caused a huge expansion in the 80s of fibre optic cables required for rapid data transmission. As a result many companies invested in the manufacture of this new cable (Ivan P. Kaminow, 2002), however with the sheer number of companies producing the cable its value dropped enormously, which in turn caused more of the cable to be used in networking (Ivan P. Kaminow, 2002). The next step in this chain reaction was the introduction of faster computers to deal with this massive increase in data transmission; Moores laws states that the ‘number of chips in a computer doubles every 18 months (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica). This ever increasing demand and supply of faster computers has driven the development of centralised computer facilities which in turn has promoted the use of faster broadband. This is known as the network effect which drives technology (Nordhaus, 2000). This led to the development of the World Wide Web in the early nineties which gave a further boost to rapid g lobal communications and the need for faster data transmission. The internet spawned a new generation of on-line businesses that traded across the globe, eg Amazon in 1995 (Internet Story). In order to get the most benefit from technology it is best if everyone has it. For example the social networking site Facebook, would be useless if only a few people used it. Similarly technologies such as mobile phones require a high degree of integration as the technologies become useless if limited to those who have the same handset as each other (Dix). One markets use of a given object drives another through seeing the use of it and wanting it themselves (Dix). These technological changes created greater awareness in one market of what was available in another and eventually giving direct access to it via on-line trading. This was creating what has been referred to as ‘The Global Village (Absolute Astronomy). McLuhan describes how the globe has been contracted into a village by electric technology and the instantaneous movement of information from every quarter to every point at the same time. In bringing all social and political functions together in a sudden implosion, electric speed has heightened human awareness of responsibility to an intense degree. Alongside this technological development was the opening up of China in 1978, with the launch of its economic reform program (Huchet, 2006). This allowed China to become the global source of manufacturing (Huchet, 2006). Many companies saw the opportunity to manufacture high value, small electrical items at a low cost. This brought down the price of technology overall, which helped to bring popular electrical items like computers to the masses. It is important to see why the opening up of China was such a large world event in the process of globalisation. China had been isolated from the international world from 1949-1979 (Woo, 2003), so 1/5th of the worlds population had not participated in world trade and investment systems (Woo, 2003), leaving a large void to be filled. This caused the massive relocation of labour intensive industries to China to take advantage of this sudden new opportunity. It is the suddenness of this opportunity which has really caused the dramatic increase in the rate of globalisation. To highlight this increasing rate of globalisation the direct financial investment of a country can be examined. In 1997 China had $44.2 billon of direct investment, in 2002 this figure had risen to $52.7 billion (Woo, 2003), this dramatic increase shows that in the space of 5 years the amount of investment entering China has increased dramatically, showing that growth is not slowing. Due to Chinas massive population, it is also responsible for a large number of world imports, with the growth in Chinese importing between 2002 and 2003 growing by 30% (Stetten, 2005). Arguably culture has been most affected by globalisation. Peoples culture is affected by what they see every day. The export of American movies has dramatically changed some cultures by the assimilation of elements of western culture (Flynn). This exposure particularly affects attitudes to women, birth control and the demand for certain products (eg Coca Cola). The exposure to global media has also caused world fads to arise through product exposure (Lechner); products such as Pokà ©mon and Tamagotchi are a good example of this. Massive increases in the amount of international travel and tourism have caused countries to learn the culture of another through greater exposure to their people (Freesun News, 2009). Immigration from one country to another has introduced one countrys culture to another, which is then passed down to subsequent generations (The University of Iowa Centre For International Finance and Development). The popularity of World sports events such as the Olympics or The Football World Cup are definitely due to increased global communication and generalised culture attracting support from around the world (Freesun News, 2009). In conclusion the process of globalisation was underpinned by the belief that to avoid future wars it was beneficial to promote sustainable economic growth and thereby boost employment and raise living standards, whilst maintaining financial stability to assist other countries economic development and thereby contribute to growth in world trade. This mindset led to the creation of world trade governing bodies, such as the World Trade Organisation and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and The European Union. These organisations set out to liberalize trade through the removal of import/export tariffs and protectionism by governments. The rapid increase in the rate of globalisation has been facilitated by the introduction of technology which has allowed fast communication and transport between geographically distant places. The admission of China into the world trade market has increased supply and demand for finished products which is further boosting industry around the world. References Dix, A. (n.d.). eBulletin. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Network Effects and Market Engineering: http://www.hiraeth.com/alan/ebulletin/network-effects/ Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. (n.d.). Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Moores Law: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/705881/Moores-law European Commission. (n.d.). EUROPA. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from The history of the European Union: http://europa.eu/abc/history/index_en.htm Flynn, D. A. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Revisiting Globalisation through the movie and digital games industries: http://web.mit.edu/cms/Events/mit2/Abstracts/KerrFlynn.pdf Freesun News. (2009, 09 29). Travel Tourism: Unity through Diversity in the Age of Globalization. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Travel Tourism: Unity through Diversity in the Age of Globalization: http://www.freesun.be/news/index.php/travel-tourism-unity-through-diversity-in-the-age-of-globalization Huchet, J.-F. (2006). Social Research. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from The emergence of capitalism in China: an historical perspective and its impact on the political system: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2267/is_1_73/ai_n26878471/ Ivan P. Kaminow, T. L. (2002). Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV: B. Systems and impairments. London: Academic Press. Lechner, J. B. (n.d.). Globalization and World Culture. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Globalization and World Culture: http://www.sociology.emory.edu/jboli/isb408026.pdf Nordhaus, W. D. (2000, June 13). Technology, Economic Growth, and the New Economy. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from http://www.econ.yale.edu/~nordhaus/homepage/sweden%20061300c.PDF Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development. (n.d.). About OECD. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development: http://www.oecd.org/pages/0,3417,en_36734052_36734103_1_1_1_1_1,00.html Stetten, M. D. (2005). China and Globalisation. Intereconomics , 40 (4), 226-234. The University of Iowa Centre For International Finance and Development. (n.d.). Immigration Globalization. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Immigration Globalization: http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/issues/globalization/readingtable/immigration.shtml Woo, W. T. (2003, 12 04). The Economic Impact of Chinas Emergence as a Major Trading Nation. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from The Economic Impact of Chinas Emergence as a Major Trading Nation: http://www.econ.ucdavis.edu/faculty/woo/Woo.US-China%20statement.1Feb04.pdf World Trade Organisation. (n.d.). The GATT years: from Havana to Marrakesh. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from World TRade Organisation: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm Select A Multinational Company That Has Existed For At Least 20 Years. Assess How The Process Of Globalisation Has Influenced The Development Of Your Chosen Company Unilever is one of the largest global players in the fast moving consumer goods sector with annual sales of â‚ ¬40,5bn (Company Accounts 2008). However, it started from humble beginnings in Bolton in 1886 when William Lever established a soap manufacturing company called Lever Brothers with his brother James. In this essay I will attempt to set out how the process of globalisation has influenced this company. Unilever was started in the 1890s by the Lever brothers, who introduced Sunsilk Soap to Victorian England. Within a short time Lever was selling soap throughout the UK, as well as in continental Europe, North America, Australia, and South Africa (Unilever). Lever began a tradition at this time that lasted well into the 20th centurythat of producing all its raw components. Lever Brothers, a vertically integrated company, grew to include milling operations used to crush seeds into vegetable oil for margarine as well as packaging and transporting businesses for all of its products, which then included Lux, Lifebuoy, Rinso, and Sunlight soaps. In the early 1900s, Lever was using palm oil produced in the British West African colonies. Lever was therefore an early example of a global company (Unilever). In 1914, as the German Navy began to threaten the delivery of food importsparticularly Danish butter and Dutch margarine, the British government asked Lever to produce margarine. This was eagerly accepted as the margarine business was thought to be compatible with the soap business because the products both required oils and fats as raw materials. Lever Brothers successful diversification, however, put the company in competition with Jurgens and Van den Bergh, two leading, long established Dutch margarine companies. This is an early example of global competition (Unilever). Jurgens and Van den Bergh merged to form the Margarine Unie and after two years of discussion, Lever Brothers and The Margarine Unie decided that an ‘alliance wasted less of everybodys substance than hostility and merged on September 2, 1929 and Unilever was born. This was an early example of cross border mergers. The reason for this merger being that both companies used animal fats and oils as their raw materials. The end result of the merger was a company that bought and processed more than a third of the worlds commercial oils and fats and traded more products in more places than any other company in the world an early example of global scale. The decade following World War II was a period of recovery for Unilever, culminating by the early 1950s in rapid economic growth in much of the Western world with the development of the various global trade bodies discussed earlier. Until 1955 demand in Unilevers markets continued to rise and competition was not a major issue. However as markets grew the demand sucked in global competitors, particularly from the USA and Germany and profit margins dropped and success was less assured. Unilevers strategy through this period was to use its global financial scale to acquire companies in new areas, particularly food and chemical manufacturers. Among the postwar acquisitions were U.K. frozen foods maker Birds Eye (1957) and U.S. ice cream novelty maker Good Humor (1961) (Jones). The advent of the European Economic Community created new opportunities for Unilever. Since the late 19th century, when the companies that comprised Unilever had set up manufacturing facilities they had been located in various European countries to avoid tariff restrictions and where it was most economical. Under the Common Market, many of the tariff restrictions that had spawned the multinational facilities were eliminated, giving the company an opportunity to consolidate operations and concentrate production in lower-cost countries and thereby reduce its overall costs. During the 70s Unilever progressively consolidated its manufacturing operations across Europe, taking advantage of the economies of scale of the larger European Union Market (Unilever). As the world economy expanded during the sixties and seventies Unilever set about developing new products and entering new markets. It was Unilevers management and technological capability allied to great financial strength based on its success in Europe that made it possible to enter these markets. It developed a global management structure facilitated by improved communications and the growth of air travel (Unilever). Throughout its history Unilever has grown through acquisitions, using its global financial scale to purchase local or regional companies that gave additional scale or access to new markets or adjacent markets, Ponds, Calvin Klein and Ben Jerrys to name a few. These acquisitions all represent foreign investment which without the process of globalisation would never be possible (Newinternatiomalist). As individual markets blurred and a more international view of markets was taken we can see the emergence of global brands such as Sure deodorant, known as Rexona globally. This emergence of global brands required Unilever to restructure its business to remain competitive. In the 1980s Unilever undertook a massive restructuring (Unilever). The company sold most of its service and ancillary businesses, such as transport, packaging, advertising, and other services that were readily available on the market, and went on a buying spree, snapping up some 80 companies between 1984 and 1988 (Unilever). The restructuring was designed to concentrate the company in those businesses that we properly understand, in which we have critical mass, and where we believe we have a strong, competitive future, Unilever PLC Chairman M.R. Angus told Management Today in 1988 (International Directory of Company Histories). Specifically, Unilevers core businesses were detergents, foods, toiletries, and special ty chemicals. This was followed in late 1990s by a comprehensive review of Unilevers wide-ranging businesses in an effort to focus on the strongest core areas: ice cream, margarines, tea-based beverages, detergents, personal soaps, skin care products, and prestige fragrances with several other areas identified as developing core areas: frozen foods, culinary products, hair care products, oral care products, deodorants, household care products, and industrial cleaning products (Unilever). Businesses outside of these areas were sold including its largest disposal the selling of its specialty chemicals business to Imperial Chemical Industries PLC for about US$8 billion. As the pace of globalisation increased, Unilever had to focus more on global brands and in 1999 Unilever announced that it would eliminate about 1,200 of its brands to focus on around 400 regionally or globally powerful brandsa group that accounted for almost 90 percent of 1998 revenue. This sweeping overhaul of the product portfolio was aimed at increasing annual growth rates from four percent to six to eight percent and at eventually reaping annual savings of  £1 billion. Unilever has focussed further in the 21st century on 12 â‚ ¬1bn global brands (Unilever). Like with most multinational companies Unilever manufactures many of its products away from the destination market, in order to reap the benefits of cheaper labour and increased profit margins. It operates a global supply chain and, for example, a forecast planner in the UK will control the output from factories in Germany or France and a planner in Singapore may control a plant in China. It is due to the technological synchronisation of the worlds telecommunications and broadband systems that this has become possible, coupled with the ability to send expatriate managers out to foreign countries to develop new operations and transfer management know how. International organisations also have had an effect on the development of Unilever. In 2008 Green Peace targeted Unilever for obtaining palm oil for its soap from non sustainable sources (Jones). Unilever responded by announcing it would source all palm oil from sustainable sources. It is this flow of information from geographically distant countries, facilitated by international organisation, which has undoubtedly forced Unilever to develop to remain in the public good. International competition has always been an issue for Unilever, with international competitors like Proctor and Gamble (USA), Nestle (Switzerland), Kao (Japan) to name but a few. This international pressure has shaped Unilever and its markets. This kind of international competition shows how the world is no longer working on a country level, the entire globe is seen as a single market in terms of competition and as such Unilever faces many different competitors depending on which country it is marketing a product towards. References International Directory of Company Histories. (n.d.). Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Unilever PLC Unilever N.V.: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2840600220.html Jones, G. (n.d.). Working Knowledge. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from Unilever—A Case Study: http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/3212.html Newinternatiomalist. (n.d.). Newinternatiomalist. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from History of Unilever: http://www.newint.org/issue172/simply.htm Unilever. (n.d.). History. Retrieved 11 17, 2009, from http://www.unilever.com/aboutus/ourhistory/

Sunday, October 13, 2019

Dell Case Study :: Papers

Dell In its approach, DELL strongly focused on the needs of each particular customer with a special focus government institutions (witch accounted for more than 77%) and large companies. Also, DELL divided its customers into two groups: -Relationship buyers for witch it assigned outside and inside sales representatives. -Transaction buyers were reached via advertisement, catalogues and direct marketing. On the other hand, the rest of the industry focused only on building recognizable brands using advertising. -Operations In the past, Dell’s facilities were organized in assembly line fashion just like the rest of the competitors. However, DELL renewed its manufacturing process in its facilities (Austin). This new technique results in fewer defects and more efficiency. -Outbound logistics While competitors use four kinds of channels in their distribution process (retail stores, distributors, integrated resellers and direct distribution), Dell uses electronic links to direct some suppliers’ shipments straight to its customers. -After sale service in industry surveys, customers rated Dell’s services highly relative to the competition. This ranking was a result of Dell’s online customer support information and also because of the technical support staff representatives via a hotline that was manned 24 hours a day. The support specialists could resolve the problem over the phone in approximately 90% of cases. -Procurement Like all other competitors in the PC industry Dell outsourced its products and also encouraged all suppliers to locate warehouses and production facilities close to its assembly operations. -Firm infrastructure In its early age, Dell had started up with a few formal control systems. Nowadays, Dell hired a number of specialized managers from other major firms (Motorola, apple) focusing especially on operations and manufacturing. As a conclusion, all these activities are major facts that made Dell successful and highly ranked among competitors. Â · In its marketing and sales approach, Dell has the advantage of being close to its customers and in response to their needs. Â · In its operation activity, the new method gave Dell less defectuous products and more efficient ones. Â · In its logistic activity, the electronic links allowed Dell to direct suppliers’ shipment straight to its customers. Â · Because of its online support information and technical support via hotline, Dell built a confident relationship with its customers. Â · The aim of lowering costs pushes Dell to encourage suppliers to locate warehouses close to assembly operations. Â · Organization within Dell was of a great importance, especially after the loss faced in 1993. hiring qualified managers and senior manager helped Dell overcome its crisis. Why has dell been so successful?